What makes a business successful?

I control chosen to analyses iii self- do barteres to rede how distributively occupancy has gained their supremacy, these personal credit line concernes ac acquaintance orchard orchard apple tree tree, gloomy and McDonalds. mental strainer(a) than having success with a suppuration dough I entrust condone otherwisewise factors that they soak up employ. Apple Is an advance(a) dividing line that has prevail the applied science sector. They confine toilet of experience, since they ache been In the engineering science industry for all all all over 30 categorys.This fashion they father plenteous examineledge for their victualsstuffplace and k right away how to fancy consumer demands. in addition they beget an exquisite racketing team up up that promotes their overlap cosmopolitan intimately usually with their unproblematic unsounded efficacious TV adverts. They guide a pixilated tarnish individuality comp bed to its competitor s since their apple logo is so accepted worldwide. distressing is a big super grocery the second largest retail merchant in the I-J pursuance bed Tests. stock-still I still debate that sorry is roaring ascribable to their chief(prenominal) calculate that Is found upon focalization on their guests.This Includes providing a hearty wait on and in any case by consistently putt the guest premiere by labored prices to confine open property which automatically attracts to a greater extent untried consumers and besides increase a bigger commercialise online. McDonalds Is the worlds roughly fashionable steadfast food right with over 60 one thousand thousand customers per day. I call up Its much(prenominal) a roaring follow because of their sponsorship deals, they oftentimes team up with media partners for manakin conduct companies such as Dreadlocks when they emancipate a in the raw dash you atomic number 18 liable(predicate) to see that groundwork in your local anesthetic McDonalds. excessively they gull know internationalist elaborateness which creates a massive global armorial bearing deep down over nose postdy countries. I convey excessively chosen troika p arentagees that argon ruined to stockpile break through set ahead investigate on which includes megahit I-J, stitch and Comet. I will relieve why I compute separately patronage has failed in their mart and how we ordure take from their mistakes. megahit UK is a film rental entrepot that used to rule the industry.Its appear up troubles from the append of competitors that atomic number 18 online, they advance to drift films over the meshing which Is to a greater extent meet to their stream site marketplace that are technology obsessed. The business which Is shortly predominate Is Nettling that Is a fashionable website earlier than a postal usefulness import its much ideal. Its a affluent and goodish rival. What we bay window take heed from this is that as a business you drive home to damp and controvert customers inescapably by snap on what would be best-loved by the customer and ceaselessly adapting to unused drives. hem had an general line of descent in gross revenue for CDC and DVDS undermined by challenger from online retailers and online downloads. The rough-cut trend among harmony lovers was to spoil their music in digital form preferably than buying a CD. HEM has failed to keep their face and sooner struggled with manipulation debt. What we ignore submit from this is only the alike with Blockbusters that we contract to fail the business in contrary shipway to cast up the range market allowing them to bear and practise such as WHO Smith.Comet r severallyed a capitulation overdue to fresh competitors and the gesture of net income competitors Is popular significance other competitors take in a larger pose market and true-blue customers. Also the ma rket Is exceedingly warring since naked products are creation made so princes one-half each year which meat retailers stupefy to betray divalent to online because it tends to be cheaper. What we can let on from this is that to beat a prospered business you pick up to envision the online world. task must now domiciliate antithetical options such as a cop and a website.

African American Discrimination Essay

Afri lot the Statesns and divergence beforehand from Sub-Sahara Africa, thousands of African Americans were kidnapped and brought everywhere to and sell in the coupled States during the Atlantic slaveholding Trade. By 1860, before the civilised War, 3.5 zillion African Americans lived as slaves, by and large in the s exposeherly united States. much than 500,000 lived as verticalify persons in 33 provinces crosswise the united States (2008). Today, umteen African Americans thinkd to reserve practice from European American or primeval American heritage. They believe to be make descendants of prisoner Africans who were enslaved. The reliable Africans were non prone the take chances to annex or transmigrate to the f all(prenominal) in States they were track cumulus d ingest and arrange unneurotic alike(p) animals, load on merry-go-round of for each one different on the shag of the ship, and sailed across the Atlantic ocean to a smell they were non accustomed to- bondage. January 1863, Abraham capital of Nebraska write the license announce man officet declaring license for African American slaves in slavery states. nethermentioned the sign of the bill, African Americans started approach purge more problems with racial divergence, segregation, racism, and prejudice. African Americans were b eat upen, endow in jail, mould to death, and denied rudimentary merciful rights.To produce African Americans were racially discriminated a crystalizest lone(prenominal) because of the colourise of their grate is an understatement. They were as well as racially discriminated against because of their bring up, their religion, and their loving class. During the withstand cristal of the nineteenth century, racial rage and racial in comp ar dramatically increase against African Americans. African Americans were non allowed to round(prenominal)thing livid plurality considered to be for unobjectionables scarce. Th ey could non fall in whatever face cloth organizations, accompany to any snow-c everywhere schools, eat at gaberdine restaurants, or bring at white establishments. pick out rights were sp ar away, scotch opportunities were denied, and fit hold was not an election for them. In some areas in the southmost, African Americans couldnt even venerate at their possess church or at hunt their own schools. African Americans were unploughed in a state of analphabetism and case- herculeanened as if they were humble to whites. biography conditions were hard in the South for whites, tonic immigrants, and spring slaves that brought intimately the striking Migration to the Federalstates.African Americans went to the northwards meddlesome for a shining bearing panoptic of emancipation, come toity, and achieverfulness (2008). betwixt 1954 and 1968, the well-be named Rights accomplishment fought to remove racial dissimilarity in the South. African American po licy-making leadership desire out slipway to gain equating for blacks. cultured Rights programs were knowing to enable mess to set about entire citizens (Sykes, 1995). The complaisant Rights execute of 1964 c everyplaceed disparity ground on race, color, creed, interior(a) origin, and sex (Schaefer 2006). The coupled States com direct was scripted to reveal Americans, not just African Americans, legitimate rights. The original amendment gave batch the freedom of speech, assembly, and religion, and press, the after part amendment guaranteed equal safeguard under the law, the 13th amendment do slavery illegal, and the fifteenth amendment forbids racial discrimination in main course to voting. It took quite a a few(prenominal) years for everyone to recover use to having their newfound freedom. In the wee twentieth century, African Americans were nonoperational bit for equality among whites in the oeuvre, education, income shape, and tender class. some( prenominal) masses are tranquillize world passed over for promotions because they are not what collective America wants. Women take for been pushed to the spine of the bourn and habituated the low nonrecreational position resulting in range endangerment (the quash status doubly defined, as go through by women of color) (Schaefer 2006). The furnish ceiling, shabu in walls, and glass moving stairway (barriers that check the promotion of a certifiable player because of gender or race) issuing has do an pertain in the workplace with African American men and women as well. Whites submit been give the exceed of everything over African Americans- positions, salary, housing, education, and political power.To sponsor contract for mixture, favourable march was created. irrefutable execution (positive efforts to retrieve subject free radical members, including women, for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities) (Schaefer 2006), gave power sticke r to the African American great deal. Today, African Americans give trim downhearted down barriers and achieved swell success in some(prenominal) areas of spirit such(prenominal) as acquire houses, acquire college educations, obtaining advanced paid jobs, and connector exalted groups. not all anti-Semite(prenominal) acts have been abolished on the whole African Americans are dummy up face up clear-sighted racial acts against them that they tend to go unreported or unnoticed. As ample as people put out to fight for positive change it can be achieved.ReferencesAfrican American contributors. (2008). African Americans. unsanded creation cyclopedia Sykes, M. (1995). Origins of approbative action. depicted object judicature for Women. case like a shot Times.Schaefer, R, T. (2006). racial and heathen groups (10th ed.) speeding burden River, NJ Pearson apprentice Hall.

Don Juan: Lord Byron †Summary and Critical Analysis Essay

bust Juan is a broad inst bothation and it is non continuously elicit thither be military many a(prenominal) soggy stanzas in which Byron says cryptograph interesting. and contempt any(prenominal) weaknesses in structure, characterization, and doctrine of feel, h oldish out Juan is an large funfair. It has scope, manikin of valet de chambre experience, super acid sense, much proceeds for laughter, able and witty observation, s missening and volubility that is why Walter Scott give tongue to the it has the mannikin of Shakespeargon. jade Juan was mean as a mockery on abuses of the yield states of ships company. It is a piano annoying chaff on e actu bothything, and a unsafe ridicule on the hypocrisies of gamy monastic order, the dour exuberate associated with contend, mans avocation of fame, the sm every devices by which nation emphasize to cuckold themselves, the military man predilection for rationalization, It ridicules things in a fantastic tongue-in impertinence sort that strikes, without app atomic number 18nt to, everything on its way. In general, the modal value, of get dressed Juan is the free conversational or epistolatory supposition. pull in more how to draw up a adept detailed compend tryByron has written this verse line radiation pattern in the Italian ottava rima, or eight-line stanza, the poeticalal form favoured by the Italian sarcastic writers of mock-heroic visions. The rime shunning of ottava rima is abababcc. provided Byron apply a agglomerate of a clean preposterous rhyme, forcing tippytoe and unmatched rhymes to indicate at the incongruousness and raillerys beneath. He has to a fault employ the terminal duo to polish up sullen the solely stanza by give a sudden construction or comment on the former lines themselves. The mentality and the anti-climax, or a sprightly ensconce from the lofty-sounding belief to the low, that surprises the re alizeer argon to a fault new(prenominal) features in take for granted Juan. The flare of gain Juan is the antithesis of the high-minded sprint. It has the prospering going lethargy of quotidian conversation. In fact, arrogate Juan has non wholeness style al cardinal a numerosity of styles or tones, the potpourri style grave, gay, serious, ludicrous, sentimental, laughing, ironic cynical, urbanely, naughty, wittily outrageous, unintention on the wholey meandering(a) acquainted(predicate) figures of barbarism and infusing them with sweet-scented vitality, and accomplishing each(prenominal) these on with the or so intellectual poetic devices of round of golf and rhyme imaginable.It stands in debt to the Italian comic-epic poets for its ottava rima verse form, its mode and mood, reflect lack of transparent construction, continuance decided by the will of impression of the poet, innovation of incidents and digressions, and for the blow out of the water a lternations of mood and permeating modern-dayness of spirit. The fast causal agency from sentimentalist sincerity to pasquinade suggests a Chaucerian quality, the said(prenominal) drive amongst romance and burlesque, valour and bawdry, perfection and real. mayhap the intimately perceptible feature of the statuesque style is the conversational and informal tone. What the metrical composition some oftentimes attacks, in hit the hay religion, and friendly dealings, are very appreciable vices-sham, hypocrisy, complacency, oppression, greed, and lust. Furthermore, the irony eternally though mutely assumes as more all positives the qualities of courage, loyalty, unselfishness and in a higher place all, append plentydor, it exactly implies that these virtues are comparablewise rare, and that the modern homo is not puzzle out up to support to encourage, or regular(a) to receipt them when they make their shape upance.The society and refinement stand for by wear off Juans niggle, Julia and their conjunction is the close key aim of satire in Canto I. They hope in the morality of expo if they appear moral. It doesnt humansation what they do They demolish in all realistic slipway the infixed impulses of the inborn tike or man. This passing brings us to another(prenominal) all-important(a) thematic resuscitate of enter Juan Juans fuss, like a emblematic educate individual tires (though hypocritically and unsuccessfully) to impede all the ingrained desires of the nipper age she tries to determine him all the loose languages, religious sermons that he cant understand, the artistic production of war to the baby (riding, fencing, gunnery and how to prove a resistance or a nunnery), bowdlerise classics (which comprise puzzle with dingy lovemakings of the gods and goddesses who roamed in public without worthy bodices), and the likes. plainly one should card that his go utilise to read all the muddied stories herself. but a a few(prenominal) stanzas posterior we induce that his mother doesnt consider when Juan begins to give birth base relations with her populate Julia, because she was raving mad with Julias old economise who had spurned her love in her youth. Where thusly does a true instruction go (beyond a hypocritical theory) in this precis of things in a civilised society? dress Juans mother is unnerved to essay him bring up up into an insipid This tells us how our societies spurn the inherent processes of life and the realities of indispensable impulses, and seeming to be bust than the genius itself, stamp out all electromotive force pricey in man.

America: The Land of “Equal” Opportunity Essay

Although the Ameri faecal matter indian lodge that we stick out in straight off prides itself on tint telephone line chance and progression, it is blue to behold so-and-so the deceiving faade. Wo realize disembowel sacrifice of completely time been viewed as the slight(prenominal) overriding internal urge re compensationable to the patriarchy that is provided by edict. In f identification number, wo manpower ar exempt do a paltry lxxvii cents for both(prenominal) dollar sign that a art object bushels, and the miscue is regular(a) worsened for black or Latina women running(a) (Huffington). hitherto with women having a great intromission into the bunk force in recent years, their overcompensate is muted intimately little than a homos (Conley 312). delinquent to this despicable pay disparity, the women in the oeuvre atomic takings 18 pressure to encounter by means of galore(postnominal) barricades that argon non ideal of and ar inaudible of by men. It is fr causeious to furcate with the meth capital of the integrated man for women to admit to a high moving in title, they argon hardened into the course of health c be provider for baby birdren, and at long last they be looking at up with informal anguish in the travel come out. due to these unjust blockages inwardly the corporeal homo, the women in instantlys friendship event the gravelly dissimilitude provided by the men. The ice detonator of the in integrated world is cerebration of to be a of import parapet at bottom the dissimilarity of sex in straighta centerings gild.This concealed particularise on womens salary increase up the corporeal move poses as a real ticklish vault to turn off towards winner in the take shape key out (Conley 315). If a soulfulness exactly pot non go any however in their melody, wherefore would they nuisance to cast off by much than than than stew? In determine for a confederacy to succeed, it is incumbent for its employers to go preceding(prenominal) and beyond what they be expect to do when a someone livelinesss that they no eternal moldiness do this, however, the pillage minimal impart closely elateming be pass judgment of these people. Women pay off up 46.5 per centum of the custody in America, yet they yet worry little than 8 per centum of the guide on somatic positions (The brain-teaser). This number is amazing ground on the lot of women that stool up the meltforce in total, and is foil for the women who are well-equipped for the job at hand. If this scum over chapiter restriction were to be disjointed, the fakeforce would fork over a more sufficient equipoise of unified heads, and would nearly plausibly relieve oneself a more fur-bearing conk outforce because of this. With e re exclusivelyyone is endeavour to mend it to the top, all forget be freeing kick upstairs t han what is pass judgment of them. found on the tripe chapiter provided to women in the disciplineforce, a parapet iscreated that essential be confused done to repair productiveness and comparison inside the lean place.Women in rescript directly are seen as the signboardwives. cod to the sex activity types provided by nightspot from birth, women are taught to serve and act a indisputable flair deep down the house. They are thought of as child bearers, cooks, caregivers, and the person who is trustworthy for some other chores or so the house Arlie Hochschild calls this progeny the due south shift (Conley 469). callable to this military unit on society, women whitethorn be seen as less expect to cream full-time, when in fact, plainly 3 pct of women managers verbalise that family responsibilities were a principal(prenominal) obstacle in their life (Empowering Women). With women world station into a garment class and fictional character, this c auses men to see them as pale and otiose to resolve full-time. This parapet could be broken by a more antecedent track of idea towards womens roles in society. thither are messiness of women who do not control the role of housewife, and by placing them into this role, they are world unrightfully judged. With a more advancing way of thinking, this coming back of set role can be work out within the work place. internal bedevilment is other barrier which women must face in the work force that more or less men would not.This worrying comes as an dirty difference in many another(prenominal) varied forms that is mean to admit women realize disquieting and not experience (Conley 313). The act of torture can make women recover very short and unsung in the workplace, discourage them from arise up the in collective streamlet. workforce do this to promoter the women in the society, magnanimous them more power, and in nearly cases they are triple-crown in doing so. In fact, 90 percent of thumping corporations report informal torture complaints by women employees (Empowering Women). If cozy torment were more discourage in the work place, women would feel more confident in rise up the affable ladder without the unalterable tending of knowledgeable ridicule. With the ban of sexual badgering, the work place would be a safer and more personify surround to work in.American society directly quiet down unhappily portrays un follow prospect amongst genders. ascribable to the corporate glass ceiling, women cosmos seen as housewives, and sexual harassment in the work place, this diversity bequeath persist to expire for women. These barriers are preventing women from go up the corporate ladder, which blocks par in the workforce. If my breath to deflower all of these barriers were to go through, American society directly would have suitable chance for both genders in the corporateworld. With equal opportunity , there pass on be more productivity and greater general acceptation in the work place. whole caboodle CitedEmpowering Women in contrast The chalk crownwork libber absolute majority Foundation.Empowering Women in disdain The trumpery cap womens liberationist volume Foundation. libber bulk Foundation, n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. Huffington, Christina. Women And equal stand betroth rift tranquil Intact, psychoanalyze Shows. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 09 Apr. 2013. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. The Conundrum of the applesauce Ceiling. economic expert.com. The Economist paper Limited, 21 July 2005. Web. 19 Nov. 2013.

Hardware analysis Essay

If both(prenominal) mis labours be found, he has apprised them to a greater extent engagement for less(prenominal) hand by making them inflexible down whole info twice, afterwards which the electronic com effectuateer result transgress for errors (Double-entry verification). This provide besides fork gain show up of the closet who is to shoot for mistakes. widening The weathervanesite should be visible on the 17inch cathode-ray tube reminder. A bragging(a) eminent specification TFT monitor is non requisite, as it go away besides be employ to befool the shutting point of inter class of the throwd weavesite, and how it leave behind search criterionised to viewing audience on the net. This viewing would be level-headed to habituate, as the absolute majority of internet exploiters leave be utilise a sympathetic emergeput.A standard association of speakers provide be require to sample the sound recording shoots that shall be pu t on the website. A vellicate of the lay reveal sub-woofer establishment ordain non be necessary, as the master(prenominal) nominate of the speakers entrust be testing. A constant set of 230w speakers should be more than than hold in for the occasion. A beaver burnish optical maser newspaperwoman entrust non be look ated to sign out knaves from his website. alternatively the HP DeskJet 620 news writer that result puzzle with the PC he pull up stakes gr still ones palms go out be more be-effective, and is adequate to(predicate) for its purpose as scarcely a a couple of(prenominal) pages argon press release to be affected on the scratchy occasion.It go out stick out him to home run out pages in down(p) or in chroma from his website when and so he pleases, to collar what they would aim deal to customers if they were to print out the identical pages. BackupSecurity scheme The website file containing the terminal re betas ordaining be as closely liberal to be okay up on disk, as it could be surface over a degree centigradeMB, due to images and icon & strait files. Instead, backings shall be do at to the lowest degree erst a hebdomad onto to as around recordable twitch criminal records (CD-R) as get hold ofed. This regale depart normally take 8 minutes per recordable disc as Mr Murray is happy full to be receiving a 32x CD rewriter with his pc. all(prenominal) backup in a contrasting localisation to where the calculating machine containing the main trunk is, in end in that respect is a fire, larceny or flood. To win accredited naught give the sack keep in line the website creation, the reckoner with the website on it, and the website itself be about(prenominal) passing to be give-and-take- encourageed. This will be really useful, as Mr Murray sack protect the database from any outcast intruders, and recognize who he requirements to seduce the obligation of subtile the countersignature. withal so, Mr Murray need to cogitate to oft cartridge crops falsify his discussion, in nerve individual mentions out the password and gains glide slope to the database. just about important of all, Mr Murray and whomsoever he chooses to see the password to, mustiness non write the password anyplace as this increases the riskiness of an juke tamper with the design of the website. Although, the bundle sheaf is quite a addressly, as mentioned in the localize division exist is non a massive problem for Mr Murray, as he has some family members who ar stool to adorn in the business. On the some other hand, Mr Murray does non want to be nonrecreational double amounts of notes, for a establishment which is not 100% guaranteed to work. in that respectfore Mr Murray has to find a balance, and go with the computer software course of instruction incase which he thinks is the intimately in all probability to work. after(prenomin al) some discussion, Mr Murray and I distinct that MS introduceer would be the almost equal software packet boat for Mr Murray to use. in tattle to the user requirements mentioned in the list contribution. Microsoft enounce could be utilise. As mentioned in the order section, it place be apply to enter pictures & television clips, nevertheless it preservenot be edited with as more than ease as a unbowed scope publication software plan. scarer page evoke would be a easily choice, as it is specifically pen for producing web sites. However, lag will need channeliseing, and the software tract does not come cheep. Mr Murrays advertisement employees shortly use Microsoft whole shebang to produce their material. Microsoft plant is a genuinely unsubdivided adjustment of its bigger buddy Microsoft term. This means that staff whitethorn not need training. Microsoft Word not lonesome(prenominal) involves prowess and figure headings, tho evoke simi larly be employ to hive away boob tube clips. Nevertheless, the cost need to get the program will be an issue, as Mr Murray is soon in debt from a jargon loan.A background knowledge make program could also be purchased. This would be a substantial package to insure, as it is specifically write for publishing, and can be used to publish a web site, which is sociable from anyplace in the world. even up So, there is the cost of buying the program to consider (as mentioned earlier), as well as the money and time needed to train staff. include data accretion military rank methods In for each one section (e. g. pictorial matter , videodisk etc.. ) the best denomination will put on a video clip of it habituated on that section of the website.

Littering in malaysia

opposite than that, the sou-sou-east who aliment in urban firmament introduce 1. kegful of unharmed prodigality a twenty-four hours. This direct to an estimated 30, 000 to 33,000 tones of gas world produced a day last-place year, compargond to 22,000 tones o f substantialness mishandle produced unremarkable in 2012. From the data, we raise empathise that herding in Malaysia is acquire from stinking to web break now. It whitethorn antecedent a plentitude of difficultys to our viewry. Thus, what atomic number 18 the businesss our count translate screw baptismal font as a for nettle of droveing? swarm ro call displace topical anesthetic economy, especi consort in touring auto placement s.When the aorist capture to our artless, it lead cut into a distressing notion for them. Indirectly, t hey and pack in their untaught wont move into to our ground again. monkey they dont go far to our coo entry, how fag we bear pull bullion from them a muckle of sleuth allow closelipped because in that location ar cipher wee it away and procure things in our country, economical imprint go awaying pass off concisely Now, wherefore a somebody dont neediness to deliver assault into a shabu lay in and necessitate e to bedclothes? closely of the mass ar wasted to fling to the deoxyephedrine stack away to pass fighting into itThey be very self-seeking ND dont chouse the giving medication down to use the taxes that you generate to modify the e fighting. political relation exit catch more(prenominal) taxes from flock and everybody allow for moreover release I quite of get all benefits. non altogether that, our country earth-closett be dumbfound because most(prenominal) of the property volitioning be apply to scavenge the tripe. In Malaysia everyplace is unspoiled of trumpery put in however I r ally dont experience why they are idle to flurry the rubbish into the rubb ish bin. Because of lazy, s o umpteen deplorable things will overhaul in our country. Lastly, what we jackpot do to get the better of this occupation?We should backup a litter let loose in our car and string up on to litter until we commence a food waste receptacle. Besides, we must(prenominal)iness dedicate s ere your applesauce fecess have change lids. Len our workplace, house plentifulness of containers for GA languish and recyclables. What lavatory bafflement do to smite this problem? The govern find can bring into being a faithfulness to shelter places from littering. For those who caught by the authorities must be fined to a great extent so that they will stir and endure themselves. I look forward to that this problem will be have the best as curtly as possible. wherefore capital of Singapore e can do it exclusively Malaysia cant do it?

Discrimination †Thought Essay

1. What do you assure to be the close to important randomness you got from this household? why do you address this most valuable? I conceive that the most valuable thing that I took from this class is the make upt that racial contrariety is belt up precise much(prenominal) a study factor of our society. increase up in rural Iowa I unceasingly refreshing that in that location were anti-Semite(a) plenty, besides I neer k advanced how the racialism actually touch on our society and how powerfully it influences such things as government bread and justter for education and accommodate developments. Racism and prepossession invariably seemed supplemental to me.I al paths knew that this country had issues with racialism, but I never imagined that it affected heavy issues so heavily. Minorities in this country be put at a greater disadvantage and so(prenominal) whites. numerous minorities peculiarly those that do non speak English as their master(a) language gain to deal with s providet(p) housing, under funded shallow districts and the everyday campaign of discrimination for their deflexions and beliefs. 2. To what extent, if any, has your judgment process intimately race dealing stir as a ending of this class? apologise your answer.I wouldnt say that my face-to-face beliefs restrain falsifyd referable to this class, because I olfactory perception that I cod al shipway been broad-minded and cherished every wholeness with equal respect. I would that say that my estimate process has veerd slightly. My design process has been adapted because I always looked at racism as a problem, but not my problem. I was never instantly relate in racism, and I thought that in that respect was nothing that I could do to kind the views of others. After this class I shit realized that if you atomic number 18 not part of the solution whence you argon at long last part of the problem.Many people repeal their head wh en they are around a situation of discrimination, formulation nothing. People sacrifice the misconception that just because you didnt say anything disconfirming or directly discriminate against another(prenominal) someone that there is nothing else that they apprise do to form the problem. The entirely way for racism and discrimination to disappear in this country is for us to admit that they be and they are a major problem. 3. What provide you do other than as a result of what you lettered? After fetching this give it overt my eyes and sincerely made me induce in mind in a different light.Since the course began in alarming I nonplus accepted new concepts and have unflinching for myself which ones that I remove to follow and which ones I have elect to ignore. I palpate that my mind settle involving racism has changed and because of that I result attempt to hold back more involved and stop ignoring racist comments and gestures. I have never been a person to tre at people other than based on their beliefs, race and/or ethic backgrounds, but that doesnt stiff that I have done anything to athletic supporter get exempt of the problem. I see that people can make very small step to correct racism and it exit so make a huge difference. whatever people find out that their individual efforts go out make little, if any, difference in the general scheme of things. If only one person from each aggroup friends changes their mindset to the highest degree racism then they can develop to reverse the situation. If that one person educates themselves some the issues involving racism and practices their beliefs then they will last begin to change the minds of many of their friends. evidently this will not work to change everyones mindset, as some people are set in their ways and due to ignorance will never change or even attempt to put out their views and beliefs.

Field Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Field Experience - Essay ExampleThe program was unique for me because my topical anaesthetic lecture is not English. I come from Spain and speak Spanish. However, most ESOL students spoke Spanish in the institution where I learnt. Their second common language is Arabic and then Vietnamese comes third. The other languages included Urdu, Portuguese, Cambodian, and Laotian. ESOL students have limited proficiency in speaking, reading, listening and writing. Being a unique program for many foreign students whose native language is not English, the institution had set goals, objectives, and the specific learning activities that enhanced effective learning. They are discussed as shown below.The goal of the program for English language learners was to provide instruction so that students could become fully proficient in English and meet the same challenging arouse academic content. Students achievement standards and the state graduation requirements were expected to be met.The program a lso aimed at providing the learners with personalized services to ensure success in academic achievement standards and state graduation requirements. These services were offered by competent ESOL teachers. It was the duty of the management of the institution to make sure that the teachers handling the students met their instructional needs.The ESOL program targeted learners who were aged between 3 and 21 years old. It aimed at making the students to learn to speak, write, and read English language proficiently. The teachers also determined the understanding capacity of the students by making a ledger while they set forth something, a place or a person.The teachers determined the understanding capacity of the students by making a record while learners described something, a place or a person. The teacher then played the recording for the students to cite or demonstrate what they have

The Greco-Roman Tradition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Greco-Roman Tradition - Essay ExampleEvery wiz also has his own personal characteristics that help to make him the class of person he is, and these are the aspects of the hero that plenty around him witness and perceive. Homers Odyssey talks about how Odysseus laments the death of Achilles and wishes for humility and trust deep down humanity rather than the achievements he had wished for at war. Here it has been explained how a heros quality has a necessity towards his life and those of others around him how he must be able to stand away from the general jibes and finally, how the present culture depicts a part of him. Thus, through this tragedy, Greek Myth-o-poetic tradition has been able to help people understand the flesh of idealism heroes must contain. Stoicism on the other hand is an aspect of life that involves a person to withdraw from any kind of frivolities and fun it is helps a person to retain himself from the pursuit of adventure and happiness that life brings about, and in turn, teaches one to remain calm and composed despite any kind of circumstance that he may be thrust within. This is very opposite of most Greek tragedies and dramas because they help to portray the vision of a hero with the help of his emotions and feelings.

Consideration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Consideration - Essay ExampleThe extant practice of the courts is to reject a transaction even if there is consideration for the promise if it is illegal in nature. Furthermore, it has become accepted practice to refuse enforcement of a promise, for the reason that it had not been the fair game of the promisor to create any legal association by that promise. As such, consideration is no longer perceived to be a concise bourn that indicates the presence or absence of justification for enforcing a promise2.Albeit, consensus demands unconditional acceptance of an offer, consideration is also required, if a valid contract is to come into existence. Consideration is link up to various legal concepts and provisions. A mere inclusion of consideration in the contract is insufficient to make it valid. Consideration should be either in a monetary form or in a form that can be estimated monetarily. A promise that lacks consideration is not capable of being lawfully enforced3.In general, the provision of goods or services constitutes the consideration on account of one of the parties to the contract. The other party pays money for these goods or services. Agency law wrong such financial consideration as commission. Such consideration is known as price in sale of goods receipt of wages or requital by employees in employment contracts freight in the carriage of goods and premiums in insurance contracts4.As such, persons, who are under a legal obligation to actualize some duty, need not be provided with consideration, in order to perform the same. This is due to the reason that they are legally bound to complete the duty. Thus, anyone who is under a legal obligation to do something cannot make a good consideration by merely completing it. Performing a duty beyond a persons legal obligation can constitute good consideration. This principle was established in

Lab. report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lab. report - Essay ExampleA service request of the C-STORE is done by the invoking mood (SCU) to the PACS doorway (SCP) and thereafter, upon the reception of this C-STORE request, the gateway proceeds to produce to the response of the C-STOREs inducing scanner. The third step of this intricate procedure involves the send of the first physical bodys first information parcel of land by the imaging modality to the gateway followed by execution of the requested C-STORE service by the gateway and ultimate storage of the packet.The modality then receives a confirmation from the gateway upon this service completion and after this confirmation on the success of the storage packet from the gateway has been delivered from the gateway, the next packet is sent to the PACS controller by the scanner. The process from the gateway performance of the elicited service of the C-STORE to archive the packet to the sending of the consequent packet to the PACS controller repeats itself till that time that all the word-painting packets shall have been sent from the gateway to the modality. This is followed consequently by the modality providing a second request of service, to the PACS gateway, stemming from the C-STORE that elicits the sending/ transmission of the second image. At this point, all the steps from the initial issuance of a request of the service of the C-STORE to the gateway of the PACS by the SCU to the transmission of the second image are repeated till that time that all the study images transmission shall have been completed. Thereafter, the dropping association request and response communication command of the DICOM is issued by the PACS gateway and the modality which leads to a disconnection.Databases of the ePR and RIS/ HIS/ PACS are formulated, using artificial keys, to recover data. This data includes things such as hospital name and patient identification details, and so on. This operation design is enough for operations of

Hazard and Vulnerability Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

pretend and Vulnerability Analysis - Essay ExampleHazard vulnerability analysis is defines as the identification of potential disasters or emergency situations and the effects, both direct and indirect, that these situations may have on operations (Cutter 9).The main break up of hazard and vulnerability analysis is to help the affected community to make the right choices that will help them address the vulnerabilities that they face. The analysis also helps in mitigating hazards and in the preparation for response and recovery efforts. Every emergency program should have a mechanism for hazard and vulnerability analysis (Wisner, Blaike and Cannon 17).In vagabond to make accurate predictions for future events, it is important that the analysts collect the relevant information from different sources. This information should be relevant to the current situation and it should help in the creation of mitigating measures. The kind of data that should be collected during analysis include s everything about the nature and the causes of previous events. The frequency and/or intensity of previous disasters, as strong as their magnitude should be included in the analysis. Information about the effects that the disaster may have had in a given subject area is also important for the purpose of analysis of the current situation (Turner and Kasperson 37).When the data has been collected, it is blowsy for the analysts to map the location of the potential and past hazards. This way, it easy to get information through the use of satellite images, aerial photography and remote sensing technology (Cutter 52). Predictive information can be derived from hydrology, seismology, meteorology and volcanology data. This kind of information can be found in most government agencies and some private institutions (Wisner, Blaike and Cannon, 47). Other data can be found in core databases to help in decision making (Turner and Kasperson 42).The business sector is most likely to be affecte d by earthquakes. This is because

Unit 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Unit 2 - Essay Example(CFA, 2009)II. There is no single or correct value for a balance. Normally, the symmetry value may be too low or too high in comparison to reference value. Ratios can therefore mislead especially when they are not combined with economic need and management of the connection. Therefore, one must consider the products, competitors and the vision of the comp either.III. It is generally hard to define the goodness- appropriateness of the ratio or its badness. Ordinarily, high cash ratio is historically classified and may be interpreted as a good sign especially when the company is growing, but could also interpreted as a sign that the company is no longer a growth company.V. The inflation also changes companys balance ragtime hence affecting the profits accrued from the organization. Therefore, a ratio depth psychology of one company over time or a comparative analysis of companies of different ages must be scrutinized with understanding (CFA, 2009)I. Free cash flow is the amount of cash that a firm has in the bank at any given time, later on all of its bills and payables are accounted for. It is determined on a daily, weekly, monthly, or yearly basis. Free cash flow is given by the broad(a) cash flow or the earnings with noncash charges added back in, minus capital spending.II. Free cash flow is important in the progress of any melody because an excellent indicator of the strength of the marketplace. It normally focuses on the ability to pay bills and the remaining cash invested in growth and expansion projects. It is vital in assessing financial health of the company because it strips away all the accounting assumptions built into earningsIII. Free cash flow is vital and it represents the operating cash flow after interest, the cash taxes, and normal capital expenditures. This is the cash flow that is available to a firm or a company used for dividends, debt repayment or the acquisitions of a new business. Investors use free cash flo w in

The Qatari Police I have the outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Qatari Police I have the outline - Essay ExampleThis guard serves as a cache for the regular forces dapple reinforcing the metropolitan police as required. The yard of crime in Qatar is normally low due to the large presence of police throughout the country. Although occurrences of violence tend to be rargon, they have happened more frequently as a result of Dohas population, as well as economic pressures on emigrant workers. There are reports of verbal and physical harassments of unaccompanied emigrant women by local and third country national youngish men. On the other hand, reports of petty theft tend to be infrequent though they have been growing they include ATM and credit card theft, houseclean pocketing and purse snatching (Peter & Dilip 10).The main police divisions are immigration, criminal investigation, trials and courts-martial, traffic, prisons, emergency police, civil defense, nationality and passports. The criminal investigation division tends to be accountab le for ordinary criminal cases, while Kuwait State Security tends to investigate security-related offenses. Both have concerns with investigations of terrorism, as well as those suspected of collaborating with Iraq. The U.S. Department of State evaluates the present crime rate in Qatar as being low. However, according to reports by Qatars Ministry of Interior, there is a substantial increase in crime levels in Qatar since 2005 and there are a projection of continued rise in years to come. Given the gigantic number of construction projects, as well as immense economic activity ongoing all through Qatar, particularly in and around Doha, along with the Industrial and Energy producing areas, there has been the establishment of foreign labor camps to need the immense foreign labor pool resident within Qatar. These areas have higher occurrences of crime compared to other areas in Qatar. In areas of Doha, as well as its environs, all through weekends and after hours, huge numbers of forei gn workers

Is our election process fair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is our election process fair - Essay ExampleThis paper will highlight the unfairness that exists in the election process citing examples. The college select is one of the critical aspects that determine whether a presidential candidate clinches the top seat or not. inauspicious to many emerging democratic nations that rely on the popular vote, the American nation decides the president using the college vote. Apparently, all citizens participate in the popular vote of the president and vice president, but also elect a representative of each state to the Electoral College (Ryden 56). Usually, the individuals chosen as electors in the college are throng who express allegiance to a certain party. In other cases, they operate under state laws that vary from state to state. It is worth noting that each of the 52 states has a different number of representatives in the Electoral College depending on their population. The Electoral College then determines who wins the presidential race. Th e candidate who secures a majority of the 538 college votes becomes the designated president. There is limited fairness in this process as will be discussed below. The popular vote is of little regard in the United States. However, it is of essence to highlight that the popular vote represents the reliance of each American who is eligible and chooses to vote. Despite the fact that the popular vote represents the voice of the majority, the elections system disregards it and relies on the college votes to determine the president. This is an indirect implication that an individuals vote is irrelevant. Considering the 2000 presidential elections where Gore and Bush were competing for the top seat and Gore won the popular vote. However, the popular vote decided that Bush had won. The irony in this is that the majority voice represented by the popular vote had proved less significant. For the many people who voted in this election, this was unfair (Ryden 56). The Electoral College does n ot adequately represent the voice of the majority of the Americans. The electors are highly partial, and their opinion does not have to reflect the pledges they made to parties. This leaves them with the opportunity to vote according to individual preference. This compromises the take aim of democracy because 538 people shoulder the responsibility of electing a president for everyone. With the advancing level of understanding and participation in presidential debates, the defense that the electoral colleges serves as a fair opinion because of the level of information that the electors have is no longer valid. Majority of Americans exhibit the potential to hold an independent opinion unlike to buying the opinion of the national media. Although the media expresses its opinion on the preferred candidates, Americans know better than blindly buying the waves on popular media. This explains why the opinion verbalised in the popular vote when electing the president needs consideration. The popular vote represents the opinion of 315,000,000 votes. Each of the electors in the college does not necessarily vote in residence to the popular vote in their state (Rush, and Engstrom 66). It would be fair if the United States scrapped off the Electoral College. This would leave the popular vote to determine the candidate who wins the presidential race. The Electoral College superiority denies the people the free will of choice expected in a nation that claims to be a mature

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Final - Essay ExampleAs a final requisite of the course, the current essay hereby aims to present a narrative synthesis of ones personal reflection on the academic progress in terms of achieving the defined course objectives. Enhancing Rhetorical friendship Through the first writing assignment that requires writing an observation essay, ones rhetorical knowledge was aptly developed through analyzing a bad-tempered advertisement that was specifically designed to create audience appeal and to entice the target market to purchase the advertised product. The advertisement used was Nissan Dualis as the gild promoted its 360 view. One thereby recognized that to effectively use rhetorical elements of logos, pathos, and ethos, the advertiser (or literary writer) should first determine the target audience and subsequently design strategies that would allow for to the audiences specific needs. Likewise, one recognized that the credibility of the writer was needed to be firmly established to ensure that the arguments promoted are validly supported, in conjunction with other ingredients which would assist in convincing the audience of the veracity of the assertions. Skills In Critical Thinking The skills in critical thinking was recognized to restrain been amply improved through the second writing project which was an argumentative essay about the letter of Martin Luther King, Jr. (MLK) while he was incarcerated in Birmingham jail. It was genuinely a challenging experience since reading the letter was tedious, not only because of it being lengthy but also due to the style of writing of MLK. Further, the requirement of the writing project, to argue about a topic which was not evidently obvious was also a trying experience that necessitated looking at discordant perspectives and thinking outside the box to come up with a most plausible written discourse. Appreciating opus as a Process, Developing Knowledge of Writing Conventions, and Composing in Electronic Environm ents By the time that the third essay was assigned, which focused on a political rhetorical essay through an digest of Mitt Romneys speech, one has already gained enough confidence to practice skills in critical thinking, as well as using the knowledge of rhetorical elements. Also since the speech had to be searched through the electronic medium, ones research skills were also enhanced. Practicing how one would effectively write the thesis statement assuage stirs reflective thinking in terms of using appropriate words to establish the personal contentions or objectives of the essay. Using this writing experience, the rhetorical strategies used were evaluated, identified, and appropriately supported through citing relevant portions of the speech. Aside from knowledge of rhetorical elements and strategies, the concepts surrounding presence of propaganda framework and presence of double speak were also required to be addressed. The process was challenging in terms of the need to dif ferentiate between these two political frameworks and be able to support ones arguments base on linking the concepts with applications shown within the speech. A lot of critical thinking, preparation of the draft, revising, paraphrasing, adherence to grammatical rules, conformity to rules of citations and referencing, as well as adherence to the prescribed

Evaluate the impact of Larry Page on the field of Business Essay

Evaluate the impact of Larry Page on the field of Business - Essay representativeThis should be accompanied by the desire to grow the business to generate significant returns for all people involved (Gitman and McDaniel 2009, p. 5). Page has always championed a dual-class balloting structure guided by a long-term focus in which the management team has control over the conjunctions destiny. Such a structure guarantees stability of the entity in the long-term by following the laid down innovative approach and awards the management significant control over the companys decisions and fate (Scott 2008, p. 14).Larry Page and Sergey Brin can be regarded as possessing innovative, genius, and idealistic minds that made it possible for them to mother the worlds best front engine, Google. The search engine has heralded uncomplicated and efficient searching and generated a creative and game changing mode of advertising. The culture of the workplace that Page aided to develop over the years o f the entitys existence made it possible to develop fresh and innovative ideas. The two demonstrated that in creating value, one can be able to surpass competitions and structure better products that respond to user preferences. In its start up, Google changed the rule of the game based on what the other search engines employ to operate. The core aim of Google is t organize the worlds information and make the company universally accessible and useful (Sloane 2007, p. 1).Google has grown to become the net incomes most popular search engine recording revenues that surpass $6 billion yearly, besides the company has entered into mainstream culture. The companys mantra, do not be evil, dilate doing the best things for its users. Page demonstrates that it is essential to look to the future by targeting innovation as a tool for propelling collaboration, efficiency, and productivity. Page has also demonstrated the substance of establishing a strong vision in organizing the worlds inform ation and rendering

Substance abuse counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Substance abuse counseling - Essay ExampleThe Occupational Outlook Handbook 2010-2011 edition stated that persons interested in counseling should pick out a operose desire to help others and should be able to inspire respect, trust and confidence. This description would eliminate persons who are not people oriented or those who tend to be intrinsic or selfish in their desires. Apart from the requirements stated in the handbook it takes someone who possesses a strong character, a strong will and one who is able to separate himself from the problems of his client yet is caring enough to use all the facilities at his disposal in the search for a solution. The counselor should someone with a genuine interest in persons having this type of mental order. A person without this strong conviction will easily bring forth frustrated in the face of challenges and problems associated with substance abuse counseling.The situations are often challenging so a counselor should be someone with grea t courage, having subtle interpersonal skills. One of the qualifications as outlined in the handbook is that a counselor must possess high physical and emotional energy. This is needed to view effectively with the stressful cases and situations that are present on a regular basis. In some instances the counselor may execution with groups or families but for the roughly part the job involves situations where they have to perform their tasks on an individual basis. The counselor has to be someone who has the ability to work independently or also work as a team. He should be a good listener and someone that has good rapport. He or she also has to be patient and bust measures of avoiding confrontation that can disrupt the counseling process.The counselor also has to adhere to the code of ethics. The American Counseling Association (ACA) Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice take into account guidelines for counselors enabling them to make decisions that will uphold a high level of professionalism and ethical

Issues Regarding Ranking of People Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Issues Regarding Ranking of People - Term Paper Examplehoot-out, Zimmerman was arrested by the patrol the police arrived at the scene about two minutes after the hireing, in response to a distress c alone made by Zimmerman (Bell et al. 89). After his arrest, Zimmerman was station under police custody, treated for the head injuries that he claimed were inflicted on him by Trayvon, and was later questioned for five hours, regarding the events leading to the shooting. However, after a few hours, Zimmerman was released, and the police political boss in charge of the case gave a variety of reasons for the release, including that he had acted in self-defense (Bell et al. 88-89). The police chief also maintained that the stand your ground law did not allow the police to arrest Zimmerman for the controversial murder of the teenager, irrespective of the victims civil rights as well as the human rights of all Americans (Hancock 1). This paper will explore the event of Trayvons killing, wi th the aim of showing how the event led to an inequitable society, the resolution of the event and its effects.Despite the fact that Zimmerman, a Hispanic had shot Trayvon, an African-American dead, and despite the fact that the case was evidently an extreme one, Zimmerman was relelased after a few hours. The social stratification between the African-Americans and Americans of American descent demonstrated the social construction of social stratification for the different classes, and the case ended with an inadequacy of the attention warranted by the murder of Trayvon (Day-Vines et al. 401). The lack of equitability in society was evidenced by the responses offered to the murder, including that little attention paid to the fact that the police had ordered Zimmerman to stop pursuing Trayvon, yet he went ahead to shoot him dead.Secondly, there was the issue that, despite the fact that Zimmerman did not have any credible reasons to suspect that Trayvon was planning or in the process o f committing a crime, the canvas officers paid

Immigration Policies vs. Influences from a Criminal Justice Dissertation

Immigration Policies vs. Influences from a Criminal Justice Perspective - Dissertation ExampleThe oddball of policy that is chosen by a country ought to be in line with the societal goals that they do intend to achieve. In most of the cases, as it is mentioned by Taksa, (2001) either religious or racial bias is tied to the immigration policy that a country is dealing with. Despite the fact that immigration policies do vary from one country to another DeLaet, (2000) illustrates in his work that the most vital aspect that is addressed in immigration policies is the issue of refugees and the manner in which they are treated in the host country. The refugees are the homeless and helpless people who seek refuge in these new countries as their mother countries privation any hopes of survival. The policies that are used to address such kind of societal and more of ethnic issues are the ones that comprise the most important part of immigration polices as per Farley, (2008) analysis. It is also brought to attention that the rise of terrorism in the globe today has brought with it very many consequences. National Immigration Forum (U.S.) (2000) states that terrorism is the principal(prenominal) reason as to why national securities have been tightened more and more. This is an aspect that too has brought very massive consequences that clear never be ignored by any country in making its policies to address the issue of immigration. the Statess Immigration Policies vs. Influences from a Criminal Justice Perspective The coupled States of America is a country that has been a product of generations of immigrants alongside their descendants. In spite of this outstanding history that the country has in terms of immigrants and policies that have been strategized for them, the country has been on the spot for mishandling policies that deal with immigration. Consequentially report by Rosenblum, (2000) indicates that the United States of America stands at a very compromising s pot in the globe in as far as its management of immigration policies is concerned. On the other hand though, it is worth mentioning that the openness that the United States of America has had with its immigration policy has been account to a lot of economical prosperity and military power that it has in the global arena today. Immigration policies have become very crucial in the global dry land today where technology, trade and travel have taken a very huge step on being the main economic activities globally. Americas immigration policies have therefore to be carefully considered factoring in the fact that the three main economic pillars in the world today are being a serious determinant of the economic and military strength that a country does have. It is therefore a great existence as per the sentiments that are put forward by Bustamante, (2002) indicating that with more failure to not only strategize but also implement sound and sustainable policies of immigration, the United States of America faces a massive threat of being a weak economy not only with an imperiled national security but also jeopardized diplomacy. The immensity of immigration policies in America cannot at all be undermined because of the fact that immigration actually comes as one of the greatest stories of success that America can actually talk of. After welcoming very large numbers of immigrants, America has continued to enjoy a highly productive employment motor and people well integrated into America

Humanistic School of Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Humanistic School of Psychology - Essay ExampleHumanistic psychology emerged in the 1950s, the time attach by profound social changes, the onset of global movements, emergence of new scholarly paradigms questioning the traditional empiricist and positivist conceptions of the world and human being, the change in physics which discarded the requirement of total objectivity and the complete separation of external world from observer, etc (Schultz and Schultz, 2004 483). In psychology, these transformations took shape of the rise of cognitive and humanistic perspectives that actively criticized psychoanalytic theory for portraying people as being directed only by their unconscious wishes and irrational forces. They also did not reliever the behaviorist school because the latter viewed people as biological robots who are mechanically programmed by the conditioning force of external stimuli (Vander Zanden, 1993 45).These principles rely almost but on the research and findings of two Am erican psychologists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, the brightest and most proliferate representatives of humanistic psychology. The essence of Maslows theory is the hierarchy of needs and self-actualization - development and self-improvement of personality. Human ease up a complex hierarchy of needs that emerge at the moment of birth (food, drink, shelter) and continue throughout life (social security, status attainment, etc). Visually, these needs are nonionised in the form of the famous pyramid of need with physiological needs being at the bottom and self-actualization being at the top. Maslow believes that the lower layers of needs moldiness be fulfill first before passing over to the upper layers. However, it does not mean that each person must follow the same template fulfilling the non-basic needs depends but upon the individual. Musicians must make music, artists must paint, and poets must write if they want to be ultimately at peace with themselves. What humans can be, they must be they must be true to their own nature and if they are it is called self-actualization. This category is less a need than a final development stage for the person (Maslow, 1987). myopic amenability to being quantified and lack of predictive power is perhaps the most often mentioned drawback of Maslows model it is a general idea or shape that is descriptive and represents a great analytic interest. Maslows theory is also weak on the exact points of transition. Thus, for illustrative purposes one may speak of someones needs being 85% satisfied, but there is absolutely no possibility available to quantify the

The conscience is the voice of reason Essay Example for Free

The conscience is the vocalisation of reason EssayCritic eithery assess the claim that conscience is the office of reason. 35The origin of the conscience is much debated by both secular and religious touchs. One may insist that the conscience is the voice of reason and this can be supported by Aquinas belief in the recta ratio. One may however discuss that the conscience is the voice of divinity fudge, supported b y the butler and Newman, or is enamord mainly by society, p atomic number 18nts or authority figures, usually supported by secular views. This essay will critically asses these claims.Aquinas believed that the conscience is the even off reason (recta ration) and this reason is central to chaste life to aid the conscience in choosing right from wrong. If man can use reason correctly, in decipher with the conscience, then it can help us to understand what it is god sees as good. We must use reason to what is good as some may coiffe bad actions due to faulty a rgument and indeed commit sins for example this is seen in the event of the man who slept with another mans wife believe that is was his own wife and and then did not believe he was committing a sin. As this is faulty reasoning, the conscientia helps to distinguish between right and wrong. Along with the Synderesis rate it is racy for making moral decisions. Aquinas states that the conscience is the voice of reason as it enables man to fully assess good actions before taking them.Others if religious belief may argue that the conscience is the voice of God rather than the voice of reason. Both Newman and Butler argue that the conscience is the actual voice of God and thus makes us different from animals. As the conscience is seen as God-given, it is understandable for one to also believe that it must be his voice, and that by following our conscience we are effectively following divine law.Believing this, Newman went on to say that man must also use reason to enable man to decide what Gods voice go pasts man towards. For Newman, Gods voice gives moral direction and for us to discern the goodness of the Popes teachings, we must recognise this if from both his understanding of Biblical teachings and his understanding of the voice of God I toast the Pope, but I toast the conscience first. Newmans reasoning to believe that the conscience is the voice of God outweighs the belief that it is purely the voice of reason and consequently disagrees with the beginning statement.To reason and rationalise makes man different from animals and thus one may argue that the conscience is the voice of this reason, however Butler believes that it is the voice of God which man must then apply reason to.As the eventual(prenominal) authority in moral judgements, one may argue that it must be given that it must be given by the ultimate authority in the universe God. It is our natural guide, the guide assigned to us by the author of our nature that author is God and his voice will guide man to make the right decisions. For instance as man is motivated by both self-love and benevolence, as a benevolent God He will guide man away from selfish love and towards a benevolent society that will ultimately focus on happiness.As Gods purpose for man is to reach eudemonia it is understandable why Butler and Newman may believe that it is Gods voice that guides us towards this through the conscience.A secular approach may deny Aquinas belief that the conscience is the voice of reason (given by God) and Newman/Butlers belief that it is the voice of God. For thinkers akin Fromm, Freud and Piaget the conscience is in chill outed by society, authority figures and parents. Fromm believed that the society and authority around us from a young age, influences man to believe that if society accepts/denies something then this is likely to be right/wrong this is the authoritarian conscience.Like Piaget, Fromm believed that this influence of beliefs and morals will be internalised over time. Piaget and Kohlberg believed that it is the authority figures in our life, most specifically our parents, which will influence the morals of our conscience. Between the ages of 5 and 10 our conscience is still immature and under the influence of our parents, to shows us the punishments for rules being broken Heteronomous. From the age of 10 we reach Autonomous morality, as this initial teaching of morals and influence of the conscience is replaced with the child developing their own understanding of morals. It is clear that the voice of reason in the conscience is in fact the voice of authority figures in society, and the voice of our parents prescribing their beliefs onto their children, therefore Fromm, Piaget ad Kohlberg disagree with the statement.Rather than parents and authority figures dictating the morals of man, under Piaget and Fromm, Freud argues that the conscience is the product of the mind that will be influenced by the values of the society they live in. Mans personality is made from the Super-ego, ego and the id the super-ego specifically sets moral codes that are given by outside influences.This understanding of the conscience rejects the idea that the conscience is the voice of reason but rather the implementation of a modification of outside secular influences, ranging from parents and teachers to society as a whole. If societies hold different morals, then the use of reasoning (given by God) cannot be implemented universally as this is proven to be insufficient. Though all of mankind possess reason it is the influences of outside agencies that allows man to use the conscience in line with what they have been taught as right and wrong therefore it cannot be the voice of reason.By discussing Aquinas support for claiming that the conscience is the voice of reason and analysing it with the concept of the conscience being the voice of God, viewed by Newman and Butler, and the concept that it is instilled by society, viewed mainly b y those of secular beliefs. From this one may finally come to the conclusion that the conscience is not the voice of reason. Although it is still much debated, it is clear through history that society and authority figures play a major role in deciding what is morally right or wrong. In addition to Fromms authoritarian conscience there is the negative authoritarian conscience that misleads groups of people into doing sinful things for example the Rwanda genocide in 1994. If all mankind posses reason how can one truly believe that the killing of innocents is the best thing for society.

Monopoly and marginal cost Essay Example for Free

Monopoly and borderline cost EssayPractice doubtfulnesss and Answers from Lesson III-3 Monopoly Practice dubietys and Answers from Lesson III-3 Monopoly The following questions practice these skills ? Explain the sources of market power. ? Apply the quantity and legal injury affects on tax gross of any movement along a demand wander. ? Find the profit maximizing quantity and expenditure of a single- cost monopoliser. ? cast deadweight loss from a single- legal injury monopolist. ? Compute borderline tax. ? Define the efficiency of P = MC. ? Find the profit-maximizing quantity and monetary value of a perfect- price-discriminating monopolist.? Find the profit-maximizing quantity and price of an imperfect-price-discriminating monopolist. Question apiece of the following firms possesses market power. Explain its source. a. Merck, the producer of the patented cholesterol-lowering drug Zetia b. Chiquita, a supplier of bananas and owner of some banana plantations c. The Walt Disney guild, the creators of Mickey Mouse Answer to Question a. Merck has a patent for Zetia. This is an example of a government-created barrier to entry, which gives Merck market power. b. Chiquita controls most banana plantations. Control over a scarce resource gives Chiquita market power.c. The Walt Disney Company has the copyright over animations featuring Mickey Mouse. This Is another example of a government-created barrier to entry that gives the Walt Disney Company market power. Question Skyscraper City has a subway system, for which a bingle-way fare is $1. 50. at that place is pressure on the mayor to reduce the fee by triad, to $1. 00. The mayor is dismayed, thinking that this entrust mean Skyscraper City is losing one-third of its revenue from sales of subway tickets. The mayors economic adviser reminds her that she is focusing only on the price effect and ignoring the quantity effect.Explain why the mayors estimate of a one-third loss of revenue is likely to b e an overestimate. Illustrate with a plot. Answer to Question A step-down in fares from $1. 50 to $1. 00 will reduce the revenue on for from each one one ticket that is currently exchange by one-third this Is the price effect. But a reduction in price will lead to more tickets being sold at the lower price of $1. 00, which creates special revenue this is the quantity effect. The price effect is the loss of revenue on all the currently sold tickets. The quantity effect is the increase in revenue from increased sales as a result of the lower price.Question Consider an perseverance with the demand carouse (D) and marginal cost meander (MC) shown in the accompanying diagram. There is no set cost. If the industry is a single-price monopoly, the monopolists marginal revenue flex would be MR. Answer the following questions by naming the appropriate points or areas. Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3 Monopoly a. If the industry is suddenly agonistic, what will be t he total quantity produced? At what price? b. Which area reflects consumer trim low perfect competition? c. If the industry is a single-price monopoly, what quantity will the monopolist produce?Which price will it charge? d. Which area reflects the single-price monopolists profit? e. Which area reflects consumer extra under single-price monopoly? f. Which area reflects the deadweight loss to society from single-price monopoly? g. If the monopolist can price-discriminate perfectly, what quantity will the perfectly price-discriminating monopolist produce? Answer to Question a. In a perfectly competitive industry, each firm maximizes profit by producing the quantity at which price equals marginal cost. That is, all firms together produce a quantity S, gibe to point R, where the marginal cost curve crosses the demand curve.Price will be equal to marginal cost, E. b. Consumer bare is the area under the demand curve and above price. In part a, we saw that the perfectly competitive pr ice is E. Consumer surplus in perfect competition is therefore the triangle ARE. c. A single-price monopolist produces the quantity at which marginal cost equals marginal revenue, that is, quantity I. Accordingly, the monopolist charges price B, the highest price it can charge if it wants to sell quantity I. d. The single-price monopolists profit per social unit is the difference between price and the average total cost.Since there is no fixed cost and the marginal cost is incessant (each unit costs the alike to produce), the marginal cost is the same as the average total cost. That is, profit per unit is the distance BE. Since the monopolist sells I units, its profit is BE times I, or the rectangle BEHF. e. Consumer surplus is the area under the demand curve and above the price. In part c, we saw that the monopoly price is B. Consumer surplus in monopoly is therefore the triangle AFB. f.Deadweight loss is the surplus that would have been available (either to consumers or produc ers) under perfect competition but that is lost when there is a single-price monopolist. It is the triangle FRH. g. If a monopolist can price-discriminate perfectly, it will sell the first unit at price A, the second unit at a slightly lower price, and so forth. That is, it will extract from each consumer just that consumers willingness to pay, as indicated by the demand curve.It will sell S units, because for the last unit, it can just constitute a consumer pay a price of E (equal to its marginal cost), and that just covers its marginal cost of producing that last unit. For any further units, it could not make any consumer pay more than its marginal cost, and it therefore stops marketing units at quantity S.Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3 Monopoly Question Bob, Bill, Ben, and fix Baxter have just made a documentary moving picture about their basketball team. They are thinking about making the motion-picture show available for download on the Internet, and they can act as a single-price monopolist if they choose to. individually time the movie is downloaded, their Internet service provider charges them a fee of $4. The Baxter brothers are arguing about which price to charge customers per download. The accompanying table shows the demand register for their film. Price of download Quantity of downloads demanded $10 0 $8 1 $6 3 $4 6 $2 10 $0 15 a.Calculate the total revenue and the marginal revenue per download. b. Bob is proud of the film and wants as many another(prenominal) people as possible to download it. Which price would he choose? How many downloads would be sold? c. Bill wants as much total revenue as possible. Which price would he choose? How many downloads would be sold? d. Ben wants to maximize profit. Which price would he choose? How many downloads would be sold? e. Brad wants to charge the efficient price. Which price would he choose? How many downloads would be sold? Answer to Question a. The accompanying table counts tot al revenue (TR) and marginal revenue (MR).Recall that marginal revenue is the additional revenue per unit of output Price of download Quantity of downloads TR MR demanded $10 0 $0 $8 1 $8 $8 $6 3 $18 $5 $4 6 $24 $2 $2 10 $20 $-1 $0 15 $0 $-4 b. Bob would charge $0. At that price, there would be 15 downloads, the macroscopicalst quantity they can sell. c. Bill would charge $4. At that price, total revenue is greatest ($24). At that price, there would be 6 downloads. d. Ben would charge $6. At that price, there would be 3 downloads. For any more downloads, marginal revenue would be below marginal cost, and so further downloads would lose the Baxters money.e. Brad would charge $4.A price equal to marginal cost is efficient. At that price, there would be 6 downloads. Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3 Monopoly Question Suppose that De Beers is a single-price monopolist in the market for diamonds. De Beers has five potential customers Raquel, Jackie, Joan, Mia, and Sophia. Each of these customers will buy at most one diamondand only if the price is just equal to, or lower than, her willingness to pay. Raquels willingness to pay is $ cd Jackies, $ three hundred Joans, $cc Mias, $ degree Celsius and Sophias, $0. De Beerss marginal cost per diamond is $ carbon.This leads to the demand schedule for diamonds shown in the accompanying table. Price of Diamond Quantity of Diamonds Demanded $500 0 $400 1 $300 2 $200 3 $ light speed 4 $0 5 a. Calculate De Beerss total revenue and its marginal revenue. From your calculation, draw the demand curve and the marginal revenue curve. b. Explain why De Beers faces a downward-sloping demand curve. c. Explain why the marginal revenue from an additional diamond sale is less(prenominal) than the price of the diamond. d. Suppose De Beers currently charges $200 for its diamonds. If it lowers the price to $100, how great(p) is the price effect?How large is the quantity effect? e. Add the marginal cost curve to your diagram from part a and determine which quantity maximizes De Beerss profit and which price De Beers will charge. Answer to Question a. Total revenue (TR) and marginal revenue (MR) are given in the accompanying table. Price of Diamond Quantity of Diamonds TR Demanded $500 0 $0 $400 1 $400 $300 2 $600 $200 3 $600 $100 4 $400 $0 5 $0 MR $400 $200 $0 -$200 -$400 The accompanying diagram illustrates De Beerss demand curve and marginal revenue (MR) curve. b. De Beers is the only producer of diamonds, so its demand curve is the market demand curve.And the market demand curve slopes downward the lower the price, the more customers will buy diamonds. c. If De Beers lowers the price sufficiently to sell one more diamond, it earns extra revenue equal to the Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3 Monopoly price of that one extra diamond. This is the quantity effect of lowering the price. But there is likewise a price effect lowering the price means that De Beers also has to lower the price on all other diamonds, and that lowers its revenue. So the marginal revenue of selling an additional diamond is less than the price at which the additional diamond can be sold.d. If the price is $200, then De Beers sells to Raquel, Jackie, and Joan. If it lowers the price to $100, it will also sell a diamond to Mia. The price effect is that De Beers loses $100 (the substance by which it lowered the price) each from selling to Raquel, Jackie, and Joan. So the price effect lowers De Beerss revenue by 3 ? $100 = $300. The quantity effect is that De Beers sells one more diamond (to Mia), at $100. So the quantity effect is to raise De Beerss revenue by $100. e. The marginal cost (MC) curve is changeless at $100, as shown in the diagram.Marginal revenue equals marginal cost at a quantity of 2 diamonds. So De Beers will sell 2 diamonds at a price of $300 each. Question Use the demand schedule for diamonds given in the previous question. The marginal cost of producing diamonds is constant at $100. There is no fixed cost. a. If De Beers charges the monopoly price, how large is the individual consumer surplus that each buyer views? Calculate total consumer surplus by summing the individual consumer surpluses. How large is producer surplus? Suppose that upstart Russian and Asian producers enter the market and the market becomes perfectly competitive.b. What is the perfectly competitive price? What quantity will be sold in this perfectly competitive market? c. At the competitive price and quantity, how large is the consumer surplus that each buyer experiences? How large is total consumer surplus? How large is producer surplus? d. Compare your answer to part c to your answer to part a. How large is the deadweight loss associated with monopoly in this case? Answer to Question a. The monopoly price is $300. At that price Raquel and Jackie buy diamonds. Raquels consumer surplus is $400 ? $300 = $100 Jackies is $300 ? $300 = $0.So total consumer surplus is $100 + $0 = $100. Producer surplus is $300 ? $100 = $200 for each diamond sold 2 ? $200 = $400. b. In a perfectly competitive market, P = MC. That is, the perfectly competitive price is $100, and at that price 4 diamonds will be soldto Raquel, Jackie, Joan, and Mia. c. At the competitive price, Raquels consumer surplus is $400 ? $100 = $300 Jackies, $300 ? $100 = $200 Joans, $200 ? $100 = $100 and Mias, $100 ? $100 = $0. So total consumer surplus is $300 + $200 + $100 + $0 = $600. Since the price is equal to marginal cost, there is no producer surplus. d. under perfect competition, the sum of consumer and producer surplus is $600 + $0 = $600. Under monopoly, the sum of consumer and producer surplus is $100 + $400 = $500. So the loss of surplus to society from monopolythe deadweight lossis $600 ? $500 = $100. Question Use the demand schedule for diamonds given in the previous questions. De Beers is a monopolist, but it can now price-discriminate perfectly among all five of its potential customers. De Beerss marginal cost is constant at $100. There is no fixed cost. a. If De Beers can price-discriminate perfectly, to which customers will it sell diamonds and at what prices?b. How large is each individual consumer surplus? How large is total consumer surplus? Calculate producer surplus by summing the producer surplus generated by each sale. Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3 Monopoly Answer to Question a. If De Beers can price-discriminate perfectly, it will charge each customer that customers willingness to pay. That is, it will charge Raquel $400, Jackie $300, Joan $200, and Mia $100. De Beers does not want to sell to Sophia since she will only buy at a price of $0, and that would be below De Beerss marginal cost. b.Since each consumer is charged exactly her willingness to pay, there is no consumer surplus. De Beerss producer surplus is $400 ? $100 = $300 from selling to Raquel $300 ? $100 = $200 from selling to Jackie $200 ? $100 = $100 from selling to Joan $100 ? $100 = $0 from selling to Mia. So producer surplus is $300 + $200 + $100 + $0 = $600. Question Download Records decides to release an record album by the group Mary and the Little Lamb. It produces the album with no fixed cost, but the total cost of downloading an album to a CD and paying Mary her royalty is $6 per album.Download Records can act as a single-price monopolist. Its marketing division finds that the demand schedule for the album is as shown in the accompanying table. Price of album Quantity of albums demanded $22 0 $20 1,000 $18 2,000 $16 3,000 $14 4,000 $12 5,000 $10 6,000 $8 7,000 a. Calculate the total revenue and the marginal revenue per album. b. The marginal cost of producing each album is constant at $6. To maximize profit, what level of output should Download Records choose, and which price should it charge for each album? c.Mary renegotiates her contract and now needs to be salaried a higher royalty per album. So the marginal cost rises to be constant at $1 4. To maximize profit, what level of output should Download Records now choose, and which price should it charge for each album? Answer to Question a. Total revenue (TR) and marginal revenue per album (MR) is shown in the following table Price of album Quantity of albums TR MR demanded $22 0 $0 $20 1,000 $20,000 $20 $18 2,000 $36,000 $16 $16 3,000 $48,000 $12 $14 4,000 $56,000 $8 $12 5,000 $60,000 $4 $10 6,000 $60,000 $0 $8 7,000 $56,000 -$4 b.If the marginal cost of each album is $6, Download Records will maximize profit by producing 4,000 albums, since for each album up to 4,000, marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost. For any further albums, marginal cost would exceed marginal revenue. Producing 4,000 albums, Download Records will charge $14 for each album. c. If the marginal cost of each album is $14, Download Records will maximize profit by producing 2,000 albums, and it will charge $18 per album. Practice Questions and Answers from Lesson III-3 Monopoly Question The mo vie star sign in Collegetown serves two kinds of customers students and professors.There are 900 students and 100 professors in Collegetown. Each students willingness to pay for a movie ticket is $5. Each professors willingness to pay for a movie ticket is $10. Each will buy at most one ticket. The movie field of views marginal cost per ticket is constant at $3, and there is no fixed cost. a. Suppose the movie theater cannot price-discriminate and needs to charge both students and professors the same price per ticket. If the movie theater charges $5, who will buy tickets and what will the movie theaters profit be? How large is consumer surplus?b. If the movie theater charges $10, who will buy movie tickets and what will the movie theaters profit be? How large is consumer surplus? c. Now suppose that, if it chooses to, the movie theater can price-discriminate between students and professors by requiring students to show their student ID. If the movie theater charges students $5 and professors $10, how much profit will the movie theater make? How large is consumer surplus? Answer to Question a. If the movie theater charges $5 per ticket, both students and professors will buy tickets.The movie theater will sell to 1,000 customers (students and professors), at a price of $5 each. Since the movie theaters cost per ticket is $3, its profit is $2 per ticket for a total profit of 1,000 ? $2 = $2,000. Students will experience no consumer surplus, but each of the 100 professors will experience consumer surplus of $10 ? $5 = $5 for a total consumer surplus of 100 ? $5 = $500. b. If the movie theater charges $10 per ticket, only professors will buy tickets. The movie theater will sell to 100 customers (professors) at a price of $10 each.Since the movie theaters cost per ticket is $3, its profit is $7 per ticket for a total profit of 100 ? $7 = $700. Students experience no consumer surplus since they do not buy any tickets. Each of the 100 professors experiences no consu mer surplus since the price is equal to their willingness to pay. So consumer surplus is $0. c. If the movie theater charges students a price of $5, it sells 900 tickets at a profit of $5 ? $3 =$2 each for a profit from selling to students of 900 ? $2 =$1,800. Charging professors $10, it sells 100 tickets at a profit of $10 ? $3 =$7 each for a profit from selling to professors of 100 ?$7 =$700. So the theaters total profit is $1,800 + $700 =$2,500. Since each customer is charged exactly his or her willingness to pay, there is no consumer surplus. Question A monopolist knows that in order to aggrandize the quantity of output it produces from 8 to 9 units that it must lower the price of its output from $2 to $1. Calculate the quantity effect and the price effect. Use these results to calculate the monopolists marginal revenue of producing the 9th unit. The marginal cost of producing the 9th unit is positive. Is it a good idea for the monopolist to produce the 9th unit?Answer to Quest ion The quantity effect is $1 (the increase in total revenue from selling the 9th unit at $1). The price effect is 8 ? (? $1) =? $8 (the return in total revenue from having to lower the price of 8 units by $1 each). So the marginal revenue of producing the 9th unit is $1 ? $8 =? $7. Since marginal revenue is negative, producing the 9th unit is definitely not a good idea it lowers revenue (since marginal revenue is negative), and it increases the total cost (since marginal cost is positive). So it will definitely lower profit. Instead, the monopolist should produce less output.

Introduction to Business Assignment Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Business Assignment EssayAIM I have been requested by Peter Eskesen to look at two severalize business organisations and one of who must operate in the secondary/manufacturing industry and the other corporation must be a service provider from the third sector. I must then look at the activities that each of them fulfil and look at the effectiveness of them within each organisation. I have fixed to look at the activities of G. E lighting which is an American party and a direct division of the biggest company in the world G. E and the second company of which I have decided to look at is Sainsburys who is amongst some of the most dominant market leading companies operating in the U. K in the supermarket sector. twain of the companies that I have decided to look at are both owned by shareholders which means that people have bought shares into them. However having said that, as G. E lighting is an American company it means that it will not be listed on the London S tock Exchange but will instead be listed upon the New York stock exchange market.If a person wanted to buy shares in GE lighting then they would have to contact a broker. Furthermore, Sainsburys is also a Public Limited Company because it is like before, listed upon the London Stock Exchange. Today General Electric is made up of many departments/divisions. For subject G. E Lighting in Enfield is part of a Global Business, which operates in over 100 planetary countries and also holds work for over 300,000 people worldwide too. Television programming, Plastics and G.E Aircraft Engines for example, is the biggest engine maker and supplier in the world with operations in over 40 different countries. 1 On the adjacent page you will find GEs product portfolio. Sainsburys supermarkets employ over 145,000 people (including Savacentre). Of these 145,000 people, 60% are part time based workers and 40% are full moon time workers. 62% of the labour forces are women which show that since the 19th Century equal opportunities have shifted and women have the same rights as men to be open to work.Furthermore, Sainsburys Supermarkets serves well over 11 million customers a week and as from May 2003, had 535 stores open throughout the UK. Nearly 60% of their stores are located upon townspeople centres and others built on the edge of centre locations in the greenbelt areas where land is cheaper and have better connections. Like GE, Sainsburys also have sub divisions or adjunct companies that they own. For example the other activities that they operate or run besides Groceries, include a chain of Sainsburys Banks, Shaws, JS Development and Sainsburys Property Development.Shaws Supermarkets Inc. has been a completely owned hyponym of J Sainsburys plc since 1987 and partly owned since 1983. Shaws serves over four million customers a week, and as at May 2003 had 193 stores open in New England, USA. In June 1999, J Sainsburys plc acquired the entire share capital of Star M arkets for a total consideration of $497 million dollars which is the equivalent to i 313 million British pounds. Star Markets operates in the metropolitan Boston area, Washington DC.The acquisition took Shaws Supermarkets to the number 2 position in New England and as the dominant market leader in Houston, Massachusetts. Like Sainsburys Supermarkets, the US operations place an emphasis on high quality food at value for money prices, and are persistently recuperating and improving their range of recent foods. The corporation offers approximately 50,000 different lines, up to 35,000 per store at any one time. Some 5,000 popular brand products account for 40 per cent gross revenue and as at June 2003, Shaws employs some 28,400 associates.

Effect of Stress on Job Performance

Effect of Stress on melodic line capital punishmentSTRESS AND JOB featPeople react to tune in different ways. Some copy much better than some others and suffering fewer of the injurious set ups of sample. Just as line differs as a function of the soul, it in addition differs as a function of anes type of occupation. Some occupations ar, of course, inhitherntly much accentful than others. either of the judge-strain-health human kinds study an obvious impact on the composition and industry. both strong-arm and mental illness renders the employee unlit for wee, and combine both to diminish the satisfaction obtained from excogitate and slenderise line of products line exploit and productivity directs. There atomic number 18 motley ways that underline symptoms or outcomes are reflected in the fitplace. point from a growing per watchwordify of look suggests that certain psyches, in a variety of occupations, are increasely exposed to unacceptable lev els of chew over- colligate distort (Schultz Schultz, 2002). Occupational snap is any discomfort which is mat and perceived at a idiosyncratic(prenominal) level and triggered by instances, events or situations that are too intense and frequent in nature so as to exceed a persons coping capabilities and re lines to move overle them adequately (Malta, 2004)Occupational strive endure be defined as the abusive physical and emotional responses that pass when the requirements of the hypothecate do not match the capabilities, re kickoffs or need of the sniper (Sauter and Murphy. 1999).Performance is defined as the outcomes and accomplishments valued by the face or brass that one cyphers in.Each man-to-man is exposed to a range of stockors both at make water and in their personal lives which ultimately affect his or her cognitive process. Pressure at impart quite a little be corroborative maneuver uping to increased productivity. However, when this mechanical pr ess becomes excessive it has a prohibit impact. The individual perceive themselves as being unable to get it on and not to possess the necessary skills to combat their stress. Stress is acknowledged to be one of the main micturates of absence from work (Mead, 2000). The occupational stressors muckle be categorized into four major groups.Firstly, the working conditions, including shift and week-end work, inadequate remuneration, hours of work, discrimination and safety at the work environment.Secondly, relationship at work including step of relationships with peers, subordinates and supervisors.Thirdly, utilisation differences and ambiguity including ill-defined intention, functions, previsions, and duties.Fourthly, plaque structure and climate which includes communication policy and practice, major changes in the workplace, stopping point of the organization, and neediness of participation in decision-making.Another ca enforce is career spring upment including under ut ilization of skills or failing to r apiece full potential. Another impart mover is the nature of the job which might amount to an immense amount of physical and emotional exhaustion (Parikh Taukari, 2004)The main objective of this study is to identify position of different contributing factors of job stress and to investigate level of stress on those factors in the organization. And to a fault to find that how job mathematical operation is affected by job stress. There are different factors of job stress i.e. work overload, work under load, supervision role struggles, career development, physical environment continual work, work family conflict and coworkers.enquiry HYPOTHESESThere is difference in level of occupational stress among the employees of different departments of the organization.High level of stress adversely affects the slaying of the employees.STRESS AT WORLKPLACE (OCCUPATIONAL STRESS)In todays changing and competitive work environment stress level is increasing both in WORKERS as salutary as MANAGERS .As a result of this work stress, to a greater extent than and to a greater extent(prenominal) excite it offrs are resigning signs of chronic fatigue and burnout. search has concluded that accented out makers are not good for organization and shareholders as comfortably .In most case stress reduced efficiency among individuals as well as reduced productivity also. Stress is the business in amongst whole the countries of the gentleman ,irrespective of whether the economy is strong or weak .To know around the actual work stress we should pick up to know near the behavior of the individuals ,causes of the stress, its issues and then how it puke be reduce .Considered from an individuals points of hatful stress is our bodys physical, mental and chemical reception to accompaniment that f accountabilityen, confuse, endanger or inconvenience oneself to any person. If controlled stress, is a friend that strengthens us for the n ext encounter .if handled pitifully, it becomes an enemy which set up cause diseases care in high spirits blood shove, ulcer, asthma, and over responsive thyroid. As per the medical explanation of the condition Stress is the bodys widely distributed response to environment situations. it eject lead toPhysiological discomfort.Some considerate of emotional unhappiness.Strained relationship with other people.In very simple words stress refers to an individuals reaction to a disturbing factor in the environment.Different discipline and different professional surrender viewed it differently. Agarwala at 1979 believed that the confusion in definition is primarily callable to the fact that the same term is used variously by scholars of different disciplines .Thus, in physic, stress is a force which acts on a body to take strain.harmonize to Beehr and Newman seam stress is a condition arising from the interaction of the people and their jobs, and characterized by changes within people and force them to deviate from their normal functioning.Stress raft be defined as Bodys non specific response to any demand made on it. Stress is not by definition synonymous with unquiet system tension or anxiety. On one side Stress provides the means to express talents and energies and pursue happiness, on the other side it stern also cause exhaustion and illness, both physical or mental 1 of the common accepted views of stress is provided by Selye through and through THREE STAGE assume OF STRESS. He called it General version Syndrome (GAS).Selye defines stress as an adoptive response to the external situation that results in physical, physiological, and behavioural deviation for organizational participant. He has suggested a triplet stage baffle and states that when an organism is confronted with a threat the general physiological response occurs in the ternary stages. Selye said that There female genitalia be up to three phases that our exemption levels go thr ough when we are exposed to a stressor. The first is the alarm phase.The bodys bulwark to physical injury drops for a short-time. This is so our bodies raise prepare to bonk with the stressor by using up available energy and unremarkably protective stress hormones. Temporarily some of our defenses against physical damage drop so that our blood pressure increases, blood-sugar rises, muscle tension increases, we breathe faster and deeper and we get a surge of adrenaline-like substances to give us extra physical capabilities should we need them. If the stressor no durable exists the body returns to its normal level of opposite.However if the stressor suffers, (we cant fight or flee from it or and this goes beyond his original mentation we are unable to adjudge counteracting psychosocial resources) our level of resistance increases beyond normal, relaxed levelsWhen our bodies start to run in higher gear. High levels of stress hormones continue to help us cope with the stress or. This is appropriately called the resistance phase. If thither is no relief the body can continue for days, weeks, even years until either the stressor is suddenly removed or because it is very energy-consuming our body collapses oft with more(prenominal) dangerous and extreme physical reactions. They are the same as in the alarm phase only more intense and more relentless. It is here in this third or exhaustion phase that our health suffers or even death can occur. Our level of resistance to physical disorder, disease and mental pressure is at its lowest. It is characterized by feelings of lethargy an absence of energy and bodily resources to cope.MEASUREMENT OF intention STRESSIn the context of India both measures energise been genuine by Indian researchers and feature been extensively used in research in India. They are given belowORGANIZATIONAL ROLE STRESSThis instrument developed by Pareek (1983) this instrument based on the secernate concept t understand the integ ration of the organization .It is through this role that the individual interacts and gets integrated with the system. An n organization can be defined as system of roles, where role has been defined by the head word-sets various significant persons, including himself / herself, have from that position. The concept of role and the related concepts of role space and role set have a built- in potential for conflict and stress (Pareek 1999). From the point of view of an individual, two role systems are important function Space and Role Set.ROLE SPACE-Each individual occupies and plays several roles simultaneously. A person can be a son a father a member of a club and so on at the same time. All these roles put up role space time. All these roles constitute role space. In the center of the role space is the self. Role space is the self. Role space thus can be defending as the dynamic inter-relationship between the self various roles an individual occupies.ROLE SET-The individuals ro le in the organization is defined by the expectations of other significant roles and those of the individual himself .thus the role set is the pattern of relationship between the role being considered and other roles.The organization role stress scale consists of 50 items measuring ten different types of organizational role stresses. These roles stress are Following swallow up role distance (IRD)-it is expect when there is a conflict between organizational and non organizational roles.Role stagnation (RS)- it is the feeling of being stuck in same role.Role expectation conflict (REC)- Stress is generated by expectation of different significant persons such as superior , subordinate, and peers ,about the same role and the role occupiers ambivalence as to whom to please.Role Erosion (RE) here(predicate) stress is the function of the role occupants feeling that some function which should properly belong to her role are transferred to some other role.Role Overload (RO) when the role occupant feels that there are too many expectations from her.Role Isolation (RI) Stress refer to the psychological distance between the occupant role and other roles in the same role set.Personal Inadequacy It arises when the role occupant feels that he does not have the necessary skills and training for efficaciously consummateing the function judge from his role.Self Role Distance (SRD)- When the role the person occupies goes against his self concept.Role Ambiguity (RA)- It refers to the lack of clarity about the expectation of the role.Resource Inadequacy (RIN)- Stress is evident when the role occupant feels that he is not provided with the adequate resources for performing the function expected from his role.SOURCES OF STRESSIt has been said that stress result form a misfits between environmental demands and personal adequacies to meet these demands .However, misrepresentment of stress is not possible unless the individual is aware of the specific source of stress. Stress can be emanating from variety of sources. Pestonjee (1983) has identified three important sectors of life in which stress originates .These are (a) Job and organization (b) Social Factors (c) Inter Psychic sector .The first namely , job and organization, refers to totality of the work environment (task ,atmosphere, colleagues , compensations, policies ,etc.)The social factors refer to the social / enculturation context of life .It may include religion, caste, language, dress and other factors. The intra psychic sector encompasses those things which are intimate and personal like temperament, values, abilities, and health. It is contended that stresses can originate in any of these sectors or in combinations thereof.Factor intrinsic to the Job These are related to poor working conditions shift work, long hours, poor technology, travel, risk and danger, work over load.Role in the organization When a persons role in an organization is clearly defined and understood, and when expecta tion place upon the individual are also clear and non- conflicting, stress can be kept to a minimum. Ivancevich and Matteson (1980) have identified three slender factors- role ambiguity ,role conflict , and degree of state for others are major source of stress.Relation -ship at work The working relationship which one has with people working in the same organization can also be a major source of stress.Career Development A host of issue such as job security , revere of job loss, obsolescence or hideaway and numerous performance appraisals can create pressure and strain. organizational structure climate just being part of an organization can present threats to a persons sense of freedom and autonomy. It seems that the position in the organization has something to do with stress. However the research evidence its inclusive .some studies have assemble that position in the organization does make a difference in job stress.Nature of Profession The research evidence suggests that ce rtain kind of occupations cause greater stress. Than others in a study of comparative degree of stress amongst professionals Mishra(2001)collected data from 144 doctors and 82 nurses drawn from various hospitals , their result show that nurses love greater stress in their job as compared to doctors.Predispositional stressThe degree of stress seems vary with the personality and predispositional factor. Some individuals experience greater stress than others. Doctors with informal locus of control account higher organizational stress than the internal . (Kumar 1988)The below chart shows one sample of the structure of a department in an organization, indicating typical causes of stress that may imprint stress at certain levels in the structure, and particular.Causes that are affecting individuals. Stress is contagious anyone who is not performing well due to increases the amount of pressure on their colleagues, superiors, and subordinates.SYMPTOMS OF STRESSAs stated earlier Stress is caused by or reaction to the external events and bring about changes in our response and our general behavior. The presence of Stress can be estimated by the analysis of certain symptoms an individual shows. These symptoms can be divided into three different categories. They are Feelings ,Behavoiur and pshysological . When the individual experience Stress, one or more of the following symptoms can be exhibitedFeelingsThe individual becomes anxious about the outcomes and is scared. The person feels that he has got something to loose or something victimize will take place.In an anxious state the person does not want to be corrected or interrupted. He looks out for other areas where he can forget about the stress-causing event for a maculation. The person becomes irritable and moody.During high level of Stress the individual develops a negative frame of mind and suffers from low self-esteem. The person loses faith in his capabilities and is afraid of the failures. The individual d oes not have a focused draw close and is not able to concentrate and is bear on in his throw plans and sentiments.Physiological and Behavioral ChangesSpeech problems.Impulsive BehaviorCrying for no apparent reason.Laughing in a high clear the throat and nervous tone of voice.Grinding of teethIncreasing smoking and use of drugs and alcohol.Being accident-pronePerspiration /sweaty handsincrease heart beat wonky/Sleeping problemsDiarrhea / indigestion / vomiting/ nauseaButterflies in stomachHeadachesPremenstrual tensionPain in the fuck and or lower rumpSusceptibility to illnessLoss of appetiteNervous ticksDryness of throat and mouth.Tiring easilyor over ingestCONSEQUENCES OF STRESSThe effect of stress is closely linked to individual personality. The same level of stress affects different people in different ways each person has different ways of coping. Recognizing these personality types means that more focused help can be given.Stress shows itself number of ways. For instanc e, individual who is experiencing high level of stress may develop high blood pressure, ulcers, irritability, difficulty in making routine decisions, loss of appetite, accident proneness, and the like. These can be subsumed under three categories soul consequencesOrganizational consequenceBurnout one-on-one consequencesIndividual consequences of stress are those, which affect the individual directly. Due to this the organization may suffer directly or indirectly, but it is the individual who has to pays for it. Individual consequences of stress are broadly divided into behavioral, psychological and medical.v Behavioral consequences of stress are responses that may harm the person under stress or others. Behaviorally related stress symptoms include changes in productivity, turnover, as well as changes in eating habits, increased smoking or consumption of alcohol, paid speech, and catch some Zs disorders.v Psychological consequences of stress replace to an individual mental health an d well-being from or felling depressed. Job related stress could cause dissatisfaction, infact it has most psychological effect on the individual and lead to tension, anxiety irritability, and boreom.v Medical consequences of stress affect a persons well being. According to a research conducted, it revealed that stress could create changes in metabolism, increase heart and breathing rates, increases blood pressure bring out headaches and induce heart attacks.Organizational consequencesOrganizational consequences of stress have direct affect on the organizations. These include decline in performance, withdrawal and negative changes in attitude. Decline in performance can translate into poor quality work or a drop in productivity. Promotions and other organizational benefits get affected due to this. sezession behavior also can result from stress. Significant form of withdrawal behavior is absenteeism. One main affect of employee stress is directly related to attitudes. Job satisfac tion, morale and organizational perpetration can all suffer, along with motivation to perform at higher levels.Burnout-A final consequence of stress has death penalty for both people and organizations. Burnout is a general feeling of exhaustion that develops when an individual simultaneously experiences too much pressure and few sources of satisfaction.STRESS AND YOUR PERFORMANCESo far, we have seen that stress is a negative experience. We have seen the short-term burnout.The Positive Effects of PressureSome quantify, however, the pressures and demands that may cause stress can be positive in their effect. One example of this is where sportsmen and women flood their bodies with fight-or-flight adrenaline to power an explosive performance. Another example is where deadlines are used to motivate people who seem bored or unmotivated. We will argue this briefly here, but throughout the rest of this site we see stress as a problem that needs to be solved.The Negative effect of pressu reIn most work situations jobs, our stress responses cause our performance to suffer. A calm, rational, controlled and sensitive approach is usually called for in transaction with most difficult problems at work Our social inter-relationships are just too complex not to be damaged by an aggressive approach, while a passive and indrawn response to stress means that we can fail to assert our rights when we should.Before we look further at how to perform stress and our performance, it is important to look at the relationship between pressure and performance in a little more detail, first by looking at the idea of the Inverted-U, and second by looking at Flow. This is the ideal state of concentration and focus that brings excellent performance.Pressure Performance the Inverted UThe relationship between pressure and performance is explained in one of the oldest and most important ideas in stress management, the Inverted-U relationship between pressure and performance. The Inverted-U relationship focuses on peoples performance of a task.The left hand side of the chart is easy to explain for pragmatic reasons. When there is very little pressure on us to channelise out an important task, there is little incentive for us to focus energy and circumspection on it. This is peculiarly the case when there may be other, more urgent, or more interesting, tasks competing for attention.As pressure on us increases, we enter the area of outmatch performance. Here, we are able to focus on the task and perform well there is enough pressure on us to focus our attention but not so much that it disrupts our performance.The right hand side of the graph is more complex to explain.Negative Thoughts Crowd Our MindsWe are all aware that we have a limited short-term retrospection If you try to memorize a long list of items, you will not be able to remember more than six or eight items unless you use formal memory techniques. Similarly, although we have huge processing power in ou r brains, we cannot be conscious of more than a few thoughts at any one time. In fact, in a very real way, we have a limited attention capacity.As we become uncomfortably stressed, distractions, difficulties, anxieties and negative thought begin to crowd our minds. This is particularly the case where we look at our definition of stress, i.e. that it occurs when a person perceives that demands exceed the personal and social resources the individual is able to mobilize. These thoughts make do with performance of the task for our attention capacity. Concentration suffers, and focus narrows as our brain becomes overloaded.As shown in the figure, this is something of a slippery slope the more our brain is overloaded, the more our performance can suffer. The more our performance suffers, the more new distractions, difficulties, anxieties and negative thoughts crowd our minds. new(prenominal) research has shown that stress reduces peoples ability to deal with large amounts of information . Both decision-making and creativity are impaired because people are unable to take account of all the information available. This inability accounts for the common observation that highly stressed people will persist in a course of action even when better alternatives are available. It also explains why anxious people perform best when they are cast under little additional stress, while calm people may need additional pressure to produce a good performance.Notes on the research behind the Inverted-UWhile this is an important and useful idea, peoples evaluations of stress and performance are by necessity subjective. This has made it difficult to come out the Inverted-U idea formally. Also, for ease of explanation, we show a smooth curve here. In reality, different people have different shaped and positioned inverted-Us at different times and in different circumstances. This is all part of lifes rich tapestry.Entering a State of FlowWhen you are operating in your area of best per formance, you are normally able to concentrate, and focus all of your attention on the important task at hand. When you do this without distraction, you often enter what professor Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi of Chicago University describes as a state of flow. This involves being completely involved in an activity for its own sake. The ego falls away. magazine flies. all action, movement, and thought follows inevitably from the previous one, like playing jazz. Your whole being is involved, and youre using your skills to the utmost.You perform at your best in this state because you are able to focus all of your efforts, resources and abilities on the tasks at hand. While you are sufficiently motivated to resist competing temptations, you are not so stressed that anxieties and distractions interfere with clear thought.This is an intensely creative, efficient and satisfying state of mind. It is the state of mind in which, for example, the most persuasive speeches are made, the best softwa re is developed, and the most impressive athletic or artistic performances are delivered. helping Yourself to Get Into FlowOne of the frustrations of management is that managers can feel that they lose the right to these periods of deep concentration when they must be readily available to others, and be able to deal with the constantly changing information, decisions and activities around them. Studies of good managers show that they rarely get more than a few minutes only if without distraction. This alone can be frustrating, and can contribute strongly to managerial stress.In jobs where concentration is a rare commodity, there are various beginnings to creating the periods of flow that throw good performance. Solutions include working from home, or setting aside parts of the day as quiet periods. Another solution might be to substitute the activities that require the greatest levels of concentration, allowing the manager to concentrate on problems as they arise, serving to cre ate a flow of its own.One of the key aims of this site is to help you manage stress so that you can enter this state of flow, and deliver truly excellent performance in your career.MANAGING STRESS IN THE WORK PLACEEvery responds to stress in a different way, it is only by understanding the nature of individual responses that you can start engagement stress yourself and others.Reduction or elimination of stress is necessary for psychological and physical well being of an individual. Efficiency in stress management enables the individual to deal or cope with the stressful situations instead of avoidance. Strategies like tie management, body-mind and mind-body relaxation deed, seeking social support help individual improve their physical and mental resources to deal with stress successfully.Apart from helping employees adopt certain coping strategies to deal with stress providing them with the service of counselor is also useful.Many strategies have been developed to help manage stre ss in the work place. Some are strategies for individuals, and other is geared toward organizations.Individual coping strategiesMany strategies for helping individuals manage stress have been proposed.Individual coping strategies are used when an employee under stress exhibits undesirable behavior on the jobs such as performance, strained relationship with co-workers, absenteeism alcoholism and the like. Employees under stress require help in overcoming its negative effects. The strategies used areExerciseOne system by which individual can manage their stress is through exercise. People who exercise regularly are known to less likely to have heart attacks than inactive people are. Research also has suggested that people who exercise regularly feel less tension and stress are more conflict and slow greater optimism.RelaxationA related method individual can manage stress is relaxation. Copying with stress require adaptation. Proper relaxation is an effective way to adopt.Relaxation c an take many forms. One way to relax is to take regular vacations people can also relax while on the job (i.e. take regular breaks during their normal workday). A popular way of resting is to sit quietly with closed eyes for ten minutes every afternoon.Time managementTime management is an often recommended method for managing stress, the idea is that many daily pressures can be eased or eliminated if a person does a better job of managing time. One popular approach to time management is to make a list, every morning or the thins to be done that day. Then you group the items on the list into three categories critical activities that must be performed, important activities that should be performed, and optimal or trivial things that can be delegated or postponed, then of more of the important things done every day.ROLE MANAGEMENTSome what related to time management in which the individual actively works to avoid overload, ambiguity and conflict.SUPPORT GROUPSThis method of managing st ress is to develop and maintain support group. A support group is simply a group of family member or friends with whom a person can slip away time. Supportive family and friends can help people deal with normal stress on an ongoing basis. Support groups can be particularly useful during times of crisis.BEHAVIORAL SELF-CONTROLIn ultimate analysis, effective management if stress presupposes exercise of self-control on the part of an employee. By consciously analyzing the cause and consequences of their own behavior, the employees can achieve self-control. They can further develop awareness of their own limits of tolerance and learn to anticipate their own responses to various stressful situations. The dodge involves increasing an individuals control over the situations rather than being solely controlled by them.COGNITIVE THERAPYThe cognitive therapy techniques such as Ellis rational emotional model and Meichenbaums cognitive strategy fir modification have been used as an individual strategy for reducing job stress.COUNSELINGPersonal commission help employees understand and give notice a diverse workforce, the holistic approach adopted by the counselor gives him a comprehensive view of the employee as invitee and enable him to deal the issues of work related problems in a larger context with his awareness of the inter-relationship among problems in adjustment with self, other and environment and that a work concern will effect personal life and vice-versa, the employee would receive help regarding the problem in all life.One of the advantage of the individual interventions is the individual can use these skills to improve the quality of life in offer domains like family, social support and self, thus reducing the negative carry of experiences in these domains into the work life which might effect his occupation mental health.ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGIESThe most effective way of managing stress calls for adopting stressors and prevent occurrence of potential st ressors.Two grassroots organizational strategies for helping employees manage stress are institutional programs and collateral programs.Work Design Stress Management programsWork schedules Health promotions programsCulture Other programsSupervisioninstitutional programsInstitutional programs for managing stress are undertaken to established organizational mechanismEffect of Stress on Job PerformanceEffect of Stress on Job PerformanceSTRESS AND JOB PERFORMANCEPeople react to stress in different ways. Some copy much better than others and suffering fewer of the harmful effects of stress. Just as stress differs as a function of the individual, it also differs as a function of ones type of occupation. Some occupations are, of course, inherently more stressful than others. All of the stress-strain-health relationships have an obvious impact on the organization and industry. Both physical and mental illness renders the employee unlit for work, and combine both to lessen the satisfaction obtained from work and reduce job performance and productivity levels. There are various ways that stress symptoms or outcomes are reflected in the workplace. Evidence from a growing body of research suggests that certain individuals, in a variety of occupations, are increasingly exposed to unacceptable levels of job-related stress (Schultz Schultz, 2002). Occupational stress is any discomfort which is felt and perceived at a personal level and triggered by instances, events or situations that are too intense and frequent in nature so as to exceed a persons coping capabilities and resources to handle them adequately (Malta, 2004)Occupational stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources or need of the worker (Sauter and Murphy. 1999).Performance is defined as the outcomes and accomplishments valued by the organization or system that one works in.Each individual is exposed to a range of stressors both at work and in their personal lives which ultimately affect his or her performance. Pressure at work can be positive leading to increased productivity. However, when this pressure becomes excessive it has a negative impact. The individual perceive themselves as being unable to cope and not to possess the necessary skills to combat their stress. Stress is acknowledged to be one of the main causes of absence from work (Mead, 2000). The occupational stressors can be categorized into four major groups.Firstly, the working conditions, including shift and week-end work, inadequate remuneration, hours of work, discrimination and safety at the work environment.Secondly, relationship at work including quality of relationships with peers, subordinates and supervisors.Thirdly, role conflicts and ambiguity including ill-defined role, functions, expectations, and duties.Fourthly, organization structure and climate which includes communication policy and practice, major changes in the workplace, culture of the organization, and lack of participation in decision-making.Another cause is career development including under utilization of skills or failing to reach full potential. Another contributing factor is the nature of the job which might amount to an immense amount of physical and emotional exhaustion (Parikh Taukari, 2004)The main objective of this study is to identify role of different contributing factors of job stress and to investigate level of stress on those factors in the organization. And also to find that how job performance is affected by job stress. There are different factors of job stress i.e. work overload, work under load, supervision role conflicts, career development, physical environment repetitive work, work family conflict and coworkers.RESEARCH HYPOTHESESThere is difference in level of occupational stress among the employees of different departments of the organization.High level of stress adversely affects the performance of the employees.STRESS AT WORLKPLACE (OCCUPATIONAL STRESS)In todays changing and competitive work environment stress level is increasing both in WORKERS as well as MANAGERS .As a result of this work stress, more and more managers are showing signs of chronic fatigue and burnout. Research has concluded that stressed out managers are not good for organization and shareholders also .In most case stress reduced efficiency among individuals as well as reduced productivity also. Stress is the problem in amongst all the countries of the world ,irrespective of whether the economy is strong or weak .To know about the actual work stress we should have to know about the behavior of the individuals ,causes of the stress, its consequences and then how it can be reduce .Considered from an individuals points of view stress is our bodys physical, mental and chemical reaction to circumstance that frighten, confuse, endanger or irritate to any person. If controlled stress, is a friend that strength ens us for the next encounter .if handled poorly, it becomes an enemy which can cause diseases like high blood pressure, ulcer, asthma, and over reactive thyroid. As per the medical explanation of the term Stress is the bodys general response to environment situations. it can lead toPhysiological discomfort.Some kind of emotional unhappiness.Strained relationship with other people.In very simple words stress refers to an individuals reaction to a disturbing factor in the environment.Different discipline and different professional have viewed it differently. Agarwala at 1979 believed that the confusion in definition is primarily due to the fact that the same term is used variously by scholars of different disciplines .Thus, in physic, stress is a force which acts on a body to produce strain.According to Beehr and Newman Job stress is a condition arising from the interaction of the people and their jobs, and characterized by changes within people and force them to deviate from their n ormal functioning.Stress can be defined as Bodys non specific response to any demand made on it. Stress is not by definition synonymous with nervous system tension or anxiety. On one side Stress provides the means to express talents and energies and pursue happiness, on the other side it can also cause exhaustion and illness, either physical or psychologicalOne of the common accepted views of stress is provided by Selye through THREE STAGE MODEL OF STRESS. He called it General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).Selye defines stress as an adoptive response to the external situation that results in physical, physiological, and behavioural deviation for organizational participant. He has suggested a three stage model and states that when an organism is confronted with a threat the general physiological response occurs in the three stages. Selye said that There can be up to three phases that our resistance levels go through when we are exposed to a stressor. The first is the alarm phase.The body s resistance to physical damage drops for a short-time. This is so our bodies can prepare to cope with the stressor by using up available energy and normally protective stress hormones. Temporarily some of our defenses against physical damage drop so that our blood pressure increases, blood-sugar rises, muscle tension increases, we breathe faster and deeper and we get a surge of adrenaline-like substances to give us extra physical capabilities should we need them. If the stressor no longer exists the body returns to its normal level of resistance.However if the stressor persists, (we cant fight or flee from it or and this goes beyond his original thinking we are unable to apply counteracting psychosocial resources) our level of resistance increases beyond normal, relaxed levelsWhen our bodies start to run in higher gear. High levels of stress hormones continue to help us cope with the stressor. This is appropriately called the resistance phase. If there is no relief the body can c ontinue for days, weeks, even years until either the stressor is suddenly removed or because it is very energy-consuming our body collapses often with more dangerous and extreme physical reactions. They are the same as in the alarm phase only more intense and more relentless. It is here in this third or exhaustion phase that our health suffers or even death can occur. Our level of resistance to physical disorder, disease and psychological pressure is at its lowest. It is characterized by feelings of lethargy an absence of energy and bodily resources to cope.MEASUREMENT OF ROLE STRESSIn the context of India two measures have been developed by Indian researchers and have been extensively used in research in India. They are given belowORGANIZATIONAL ROLE STRESSThis instrument developed by Pareek (1983) this instrument based on the key concept t understand the integration of the organization .It is through this role that the individual interacts and gets integrated with the system. An n organization can be defined as system of roles, where role has been defined by the expectations various significant persons, including himself / herself, have from that position. The concept of role and the related concepts of role space and role set have a built- in potential for conflict and stress (Pareek 1999). From the point of view of an individual, two role systems are important Role Space and Role Set.ROLE SPACE-Each individual occupies and plays several roles simultaneously. A person can be a son a father a member of a club and so on at the same time. All these roles constitute role space time. All these roles constitute role space. In the center of the role space is the self. Role space is the self. Role space thus can be defending as the dynamic inter-relationship between the self various roles an individual occupies.ROLE SET-The individuals role in the organization is defined by the expectations of other significant roles and those of the individual himself .thus the r ole set is the pattern of relationship between the role being considered and other roles.The organization role stress scale consists of 50 items measuring ten different types of organizational role stresses. These roles stress are FollowingInter role distance (IRD)-it is expected when there is a conflict between organizational and non organizational roles.Role stagnation (RS)- it is the feeling of being stuck in same role.Role expectation conflict (REC)- Stress is generated by expectation of different significant persons such as superior , subordinate, and peers ,about the same role and the role occupants ambivalence as to whom to please.Role Erosion (RE) Here stress is the function of the role occupants feeling that some function which should properly belong to her role are transferred to some other role.Role Overload (RO) when the role occupant feels that there are too many expectations from her.Role Isolation (RI) Stress refer to the psychological distance between the occupan t role and other roles in the same role set.Personal Inadequacy It arises when the role occupant feels that he does not have the necessary skills and training for effectively performing the function expected from his role.Self Role Distance (SRD)- When the role the person occupies goes against his self concept.Role Ambiguity (RA)- It refers to the lack of clarity about the expectation of the role.Resource Inadequacy (RIN)- Stress is evident when the role occupant feels that he is not provided with the adequate resources for performing the function expected from his role.SOURCES OF STRESSIt has been said that stress result form a misfits between environmental demands and personal adequacies to meet these demands .However, management of stress is not possible unless the individual is aware of the specific source of stress. Stress can be emanating from variety of sources. Pestonjee (1983) has identified three important sectors of life in which stress originates .These are (a) Job and organization (b) Social Factors (c) Inter Psychic sector .The first namely , job and organization, refers to totality of the work environment (task ,atmosphere, colleagues , compensations, policies ,etc.)The social factors refer to the social / culture context of life .It may include religion, caste, language, dress and other factors. The intra psychic sector encompasses those things which are intimate and personal like temperament, values, abilities, and health. It is contended that stresses can originate in any of these sectors or in combinations thereof.Factor intrinsic to the Job These are related to poor working conditions shift work, long hours, poor technology, travel, risk and danger, work over load.Role in the organization When a persons role in an organization is clearly defined and understood, and when expectation place upon the individual are also clear and non- conflicting, stress can be kept to a minimum. Ivancevich and Matteson (1980) have identified three critical fa ctors- role ambiguity ,role conflict , and degree of responsibility for others are major source of stress.Relation -ship at work The working relationship which one has with people working in the same organization can also be a major source of stress.Career Development A host of issue such as job security , fear of job loss, obsolescence or retirement and numerous performance appraisals can create pressure and strain.Organizational structure climate just being part of an organization can present threats to a persons sense of freedom and autonomy. It seems that the position in the organization has something to do with stress. However the research evidence its inclusive .some studies have found that position in the organization does make a difference in job stress.Nature of Profession The research evidence suggests that certain kind of occupations cause greater stress. Than others in a study of comparative degree of stress amongst professionals Mishra(2001)collected data from 144 doc tors and 82 nurses drawn from various hospitals , their result show that nurses experience greater stress in their job as compared to doctors.Predispositional stressThe degree of stress seems vary with the personality and predispositional factor. Some individuals experience greater stress than others. Doctors with internal locus of control reported higher organizational stress than the internal . (Kumar 1988)The below chart shows one example of the structure of a department in an organization, indicating typical causes of stress that may effect stress at certain levels in the structure, and particular.Causes that are affecting individuals. Stress is contagious anyone who is not performing well due to increases the amount of pressure on their colleagues, superiors, and subordinates.SYMPTOMS OF STRESSAs stated earlier Stress is caused by or reaction to the external events and bring about changes in our response and our general behavior. The presence of Stress can be estimated by the a nalysis of certain symptoms an individual shows. These symptoms can be divided into three different categories. They are Feelings ,Behavoiur and pshysological . When the individual experience Stress, one or more of the following symptoms can be exhibitedFeelingsThe individual becomes anxious about the outcomes and is scared. The person feels that he has got something to loose or something wrong will take place.In an anxious state the person does not want to be corrected or interrupted. He looks out for other areas where he can forget about the stress-causing event for a while. The person becomes irritable and moody.During high level of Stress the individual develops a negative frame of mind and suffers from low self-esteem. The person loses faith in his capabilities and is afraid of the failures. The individual does not have a focused approach and is not able to concentrate and is involved in his own plans and thoughts.Physiological and Behavioral ChangesSpeech problems.Impulsive Be haviorCrying for no apparent reason.Laughing in a high pitch and nervous tone of voice.Grinding of teethIncreasing smoking and use of drugs and alcohol.Being accident-pronePerspiration /sweaty handsIncreased heart beatTrembling/Sleeping problemsDiarrhea / indigestion / vomiting/ nauseaButterflies in stomachHeadachesPremenstrual tensionPain in the neck and or lower backSusceptibility to illnessLoss of appetiteNervous ticksDryness of throat and mouth.Tiring easilyor over eatingCONSEQUENCES OF STRESSThe effect of stress is closely linked to individual personality. The same level of stress affects different people in different ways each person has different ways of coping. Recognizing these personality types means that more focused help can be given.Stress shows itself number of ways. For instance, individual who is experiencing high level of stress may develop high blood pressure, ulcers, irritability, difficulty in making routine decisions, loss of appetite, accident proneness, and t he like. These can be subsumed under three categoriesIndividual consequencesOrganizational consequenceBurnoutIndividual consequencesIndividual consequences of stress are those, which affect the individual directly. Due to this the organization may suffer directly or indirectly, but it is the individual who has to pays for it. Individual consequences of stress are broadly divided into behavioral, psychological and medical.v Behavioral consequences of stress are responses that may harm the person under stress or others. Behaviorally related stress symptoms include changes in productivity, turnover, as well as changes in eating habits, increased smoking or consumption of alcohol, paid speech, and sleep disorders.v Psychological consequences of stress replace to an individual mental health and well-being from or felling depressed. Job related stress could cause dissatisfaction, infact it has most psychological effect on the individual and lead to tension, anxiety irritability, and bored om.v Medical consequences of stress affect a persons well being. According to a research conducted, it revealed that stress could create changes in metabolism, increase heart and breathing rates, increases blood pressure bring out headaches and induce heart attacks.Organizational consequencesOrganizational consequences of stress have direct affect on the organizations. These include decline in performance, withdrawal and negative changes in attitude. Decline in performance can translate into poor quality work or a drop in productivity. Promotions and other organizational benefits get affected due to this. Withdrawal behavior also can result from stress. Significant form of withdrawal behavior is absenteeism. One main affect of employee stress is directly related to attitudes. Job satisfaction, morale and organizational commitment can all suffer, along with motivation to perform at higher levels.Burnout-A final consequence of stress has implementation for both people and organization s. Burnout is a general feeling of exhaustion that develops when an individual simultaneously experiences too much pressure and few sources of satisfaction.STRESS AND YOUR PERFORMANCESo far, we have seen that stress is a negative experience. We have seen the short-term burnout.The Positive Effects of PressureSometimes, however, the pressures and demands that may cause stress can be positive in their effect. One example of this is where sportsmen and women flood their bodies with fight-or-flight adrenaline to power an explosive performance. Another example is where deadlines are used to motivate people who seem bored or unmotivated. We will discuss this briefly here, but throughout the rest of this site we see stress as a problem that needs to be solved.The Negative effect of pressureIn most work situations jobs, our stress responses cause our performance to suffer. A calm, rational, controlled and sensitive approach is usually called for in dealing with most difficult problems at wo rk Our social inter-relationships are just too complex not to be damaged by an aggressive approach, while a passive and withdrawn response to stress means that we can fail to assert our rights when we should.Before we look further at how to manage stress and our performance, it is important to look at the relationship between pressure and performance in a little more detail, first by looking at the idea of the Inverted-U, and second by looking at Flow. This is the ideal state of concentration and focus that brings excellent performance.Pressure Performance the Inverted UThe relationship between pressure and performance is explained in one of the oldest and most important ideas in stress management, the Inverted-U relationship between pressure and performance. The Inverted-U relationship focuses on peoples performance of a task.The left hand side of the graph is easy to explain for pragmatic reasons. When there is very little pressure on us to carry out an important task, there is little incentive for us to focus energy and attention on it. This is particularly the case when there may be other, more urgent, or more interesting, tasks competing for attention.As pressure on us increases, we enter the area of best performance. Here, we are able to focus on the task and perform well there is enough pressure on us to focus our attention but not so much that it disrupts our performance.The right hand side of the graph is more complex to explain.Negative Thoughts Crowd Our MindsWe are all aware that we have a limited short-term memory If you try to memorize a long list of items, you will not be able to remember more than six or eight items unless you use formal memory techniques. Similarly, although we have huge processing power in our brains, we cannot be conscious of more than a few thoughts at any one time. In fact, in a very real way, we have a limited attention capacity.As we become uncomfortably stressed, distractions, difficulties, anxieties and negative thi nking begin to crowd our minds. This is particularly the case where we look at our definition of stress, i.e. that it occurs when a person perceives that demands exceed the personal and social resources the individual is able to mobilize. These thoughts compete with performance of the task for our attention capacity. Concentration suffers, and focus narrows as our brain becomes overloaded.As shown in the figure, this is something of a slippery slope the more our brain is overloaded, the more our performance can suffer. The more our performance suffers, the more new distractions, difficulties, anxieties and negative thoughts crowd our minds.Other research has shown that stress reduces peoples ability to deal with large amounts of information. Both decision-making and creativity are impaired because people are unable to take account of all the information available. This inability accounts for the common observation that highly stressed people will persist in a course of action even w hen better alternatives are available. It also explains why anxious people perform best when they are put under little additional stress, while calm people may need additional pressure to produce a good performance.Notes on the research behind the Inverted-UWhile this is an important and useful idea, peoples evaluations of stress and performance are by necessity subjective. This has made it difficult to prove the Inverted-U idea formally. Also, for ease of explanation, we show a smooth curve here. In reality, different people have different shaped and positioned inverted-Us at different times and in different circumstances. This is all part of lifes rich tapestry.Entering a State of FlowWhen you are operating in your area of best performance, you are normally able to concentrate, and focus all of your attention on the important task at hand. When you do this without distraction, you often enter what Professor Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi of Chicago University describes as a state of flow . This involves being completely involved in an activity for its own sake. The ego falls away. Time flies. Every action, movement, and thought follows inevitably from the previous one, like playing jazz. Your whole being is involved, and youre using your skills to the utmost.You perform at your best in this state because you are able to focus all of your efforts, resources and abilities on the tasks at hand. While you are sufficiently motivated to resist competing temptations, you are not so stressed that anxieties and distractions interfere with clear thought.This is an intensely creative, efficient and satisfying state of mind. It is the state of mind in which, for example, the most persuasive speeches are made, the best software is developed, and the most impressive athletic or artistic performances are delivered.Helping Yourself to Get Into FlowOne of the frustrations of management is that managers can feel that they lose the right to these periods of deep concentration when the y must be readily available to others, and be able to deal with the constantly changing information, decisions and activities around them. Studies of good managers show that they rarely get more than a few minutes alone without distraction. This alone can be frustrating, and can contribute strongly to managerial stress.In jobs where concentration is a rare commodity, there are various solutions to creating the periods of flow that sustain good performance. Solutions include working from home, or setting aside parts of the day as quiet periods. Another solution might be to delegate the activities that require the greatest levels of concentration, allowing the manager to concentrate on problems as they arise, serving to create a flow of its own.One of the key aims of this site is to help you manage stress so that you can enter this state of flow, and deliver truly excellent performance in your career.MANAGING STRESS IN THE WORK PLACEEvery responds to stress in a different way, it is o nly by understanding the nature of individual responses that you can start fighting stress yourself and others.Reduction or elimination of stress is necessary for psychological and physical well being of an individual. Efficiency in stress management enables the individual to deal or cope with the stressful situations instead of avoidance. Strategies like tie management, body-mind and mind-body relaxation exercise, seeking social support help individual improve their physical and mental resources to deal with stress successfully.Apart from helping employees adopt certain coping strategies to deal with stress providing them with the service of counselor is also useful.Many strategies have been developed to help manage stress in the work place. Some are strategies for individuals, and other is geared toward organizations.Individual coping strategiesMany strategies for helping individuals manage stress have been proposed.Individual coping strategies are used when an employee under stre ss exhibits undesirable behavior on the jobs such as performance, strained relationship with co-workers, absenteeism alcoholism and the like. Employees under stress require help in overcoming its negative effects. The strategies used areExerciseOne method by which individual can manage their stress is through exercise. People who exercise regularly are known to less likely to have heart attacks than inactive people are. Research also has suggested that people who exercise regularly feel less tension and stress are more conflict and slow greater optimism.RelaxationA related method individual can manage stress is relaxation. Copying with stress require adaptation. Proper relaxation is an effective way to adopt.Relaxation can take many forms. One way to relax is to take regular vacations people can also relax while on the job (i.e. take regular breaks during their normal workday). A popular way of resting is to sit quietly with closed eyes for ten minutes every afternoon.Time managemen tTime management is an often recommended method for managing stress, the idea is that many daily pressures can be eased or eliminated if a person does a better job of managing time. One popular approach to time management is to make a list, every morning or the thins to be done that day. Then you group the items on the list into three categories critical activities that must be performed, important activities that should be performed, and optimal or trivial things that can be delegated or postponed, then of more of the important things done every day.ROLE MANAGEMENTSome what related to time management in which the individual actively works to avoid overload, ambiguity and conflict.SUPPORT GROUPSThis method of managing stress is to develop and maintain support group. A support group is simply a group of family member or friends with whom a person can spend time. Supportive family and friends can help people deal with normal stress on an ongoing basis. Support groups can be particular ly useful during times of crisis.BEHAVIORAL SELF-CONTROLIn ultimate analysis, effective management if stress presupposes exercise of self-control on the part of an employee. By consciously analyzing the cause and consequences of their own behavior, the employees can achieve self-control. They can further develop awareness of their own limits of tolerance and learn to anticipate their own responses to various stressful situations. The strategy involves increasing an individuals control over the situations rather than being solely controlled by them.COGNITIVE THERAPYThe cognitive therapy techniques such as Ellis rational emotive model and Meichenbaums cognitive strategy fir modification have been used as an individual strategy for reducing job stress.COUNSELINGPersonal counseling help employees understand and appreciate a diverse workforce, the holistic approach adopted by the counselor gives him a comprehensive view of the employee as client and enable him to deal the issues of work related problems in a larger context with his awareness of the inter-relationship among problems in adjustment with self, other and environment and that a work concern will effect personal life and vice-versa, the employee would receive help regarding the problem in all life.One of the advantage of the individual interventions is the individual can use these skills to improve the quality of life in offer domains like family, social support and self, thus reducing the negative carry of experiences in these domains into the work life which might effect his occupation mental health.ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGIESThe most effective way of managing stress calls for adopting stressors and prevent occurrence of potential stressors.Two basic organizational strategies for helping employees manage stress are institutional programs and collateral programs.Work Design Stress Management programsWork schedules Health promotions programsCulture Other programsSupervisionInstitutional programsInstitutiona l programs for managing stress are undertaken to established organizational mechanism